Schizophrenia Research
Volume 45, Issue 3 , Pages 175-184 , 27 October 2000

The role of cognition in vocational functioning in schizophrenia

  • Susan R McGurk

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Present address: Pilgrim Psychiatric Center, 998 Crooked Hill Road, Building 81/102, West Brentwood, NY 11717
  • ,
  • Herbert Y Meltzer

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychopharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA

Received 4 June 1999 ,Revised 16 September 1999 ,Accepted 21 September 1999.

References 

  1. Addington J, Addington D. Premorbid functioning, cognitive functioning, symptoms and outcome in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 1992;18(1):19–23
  2. Baddeley A. Working memory. C. R. Acad. Sci. 1998;321(2/3):167–173
  3. Berg EA. A simple objective test for measuring flexibility in thinking. Journal of General Psychology. 1968;39:15–22
  4. Bond GR, Drake RE, Mueser KT, Becker DR. An update of supported employment for people with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 1997;48(3):345–346
  5. Buchanan RW, Holstein C, Breier A. The comparative efficacy and long-term effect of clozapine treatment on neuropsychological test performance. Society of Biological Psychiatry. 1994;36:717–725
  6. Cornblatt B, Risch NJ, Faris G, Friedman D, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. The Continuous Performance Test, Identical Paris Version (CPT-IP): I. New findings about sustained attention in normal families. Psychiatry Research. 1988;26:223–238
  7. Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA. California Verbal Learning and Memory Test (manual). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corp; 1987;
  8. Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Becker DR, Anthony WA, Clark RE. The New Hampshire study of supportive employment for people with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996;64(22):391–399
  9. Goldman RS, Axelrod BN, Tandon R, Ribeiro SCM, Craig K, Bergent S. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1993;153(3):321–330
  10. Green MF. What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;153:321–330
  11. Guy W. Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: US Department of Health Education and Welfare; 1976;
  12. Hagger C, Buckley P, Kenny JT, Freidman L, Ubogy D, Meltzer HY. Improvement in cognitive function and psychiatric symptoms in treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients receiving clozapine. Biological Psychiatry. 1993;34(10):702–712
  13. Heaton RK, Chelune GJ, Lehman RAW. Using neuropsychological and personality tests to assess the likelihood of patient employment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1978;166(6):408–416
  14. Jaeger J, Douglas E. Neuropsychiatric rehabilitation for persistent mental illness. Psychiatric Quarterly. 1992;63(1):71–101
  15. Johnstone EC, Macmillan J, Frith CD, Benn DK, Crow TJ. Further investigation of the predictors of outcome following first schizophrenic episodes. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;157:182–189
  16. Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer HY. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Clozaril Collaborative Study Group Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989;45:789–796
  17. Lee MA, Jayathilake K, Meltzer HY. A comparison of the effect of clozapine with typical neuroleptics on cognitive function in neuroleptic-responsive schizophrenia. Schiz. Res. 1999;37:1–12
  18. Lindstrom LH. The effect of long-term treatment with clozapine in schizophrenia: a retrospective study in 96 patients treated with clozapine for up to 13 years. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1988;77(5):524–529
  19. Lysaker P, Bell M, Beam-Goulet J. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and work performance in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 1995;56:45–51
  20. Marneros A, Deister A, Rohde A. Comparison of long-term outcome of schizophrenic, affective and schizoaffective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;161(S18):44–51
  21. Massel HK, Liberman RP, Mintz J, Jacobs HE, Rush TV, Giannini CA, et al. Psychiatry. 1990;53:31–43
  22. McGurk SR, Green MG, Wirshing WC, Ames D, Marshall BD, Marder SM. In: The effects of risperidone vs. haloperidol on spatial working memory in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. 51st Annual Meeting of the Society of Biological Psychiatry, New York. 1996;
  23. Meltzer HY. Dimensions of outcome with clozapine. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;160(17):46–53
  24. Meltzer HY, McGurk SR. The effects of clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine on cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1999;25(2):233–255
  25. Mulkern VM, Maderscheid RW. Characteristics of community support program clients in 1980 and 1984. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 1989;40(2):165–172
  26. Norman RMG, Malla AK, Cortese L, Cheng S, Diaz K, McIntosh E, et al. Symptoms and cognition as predictors of community functioning: a prospective analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:400–405
  27. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychol. Rep. 1962;10:799–812
  28. Perlick D, Mattis S, Statny P, Teresi J. Neuropsychological discriminators of long-term inpatient or outpatient status in chronic schizoprhenia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry. 1992;4(4):428–434
  29. Peterson LR, Peterson MJ. Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1959;58:193–198
  30. Rupp A, Keith SJ. The cost of schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1993;16(2):
  31. Sevy S, Davidson M. The cost of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Schiz. Res. 1995;17:1–3
  32. Strauss JS, Carpenter WT. Characteristic symptoms and outcome in schizophrenia. Archives in General Psychiatry. 1974;30:429–434
  33. Wechsler D. WAIS-R Manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale — Revised. New York: Psychological Corp; 1981;
  34. Wilkinson G. WRAT 3 Manual: Wide Range Achievement Test 3. Wilmington, DE: Wide Range Inc; 1993;
  35. Wilson FA, Scalaidhe SP, Goldman-Rakic PS. Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science. 1996;260(5116):1876

PII: S0920-9964(99)00198-X

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 45, Issue 3 , Pages 175-184 , 27 October 2000