Schizophrenia Research
Volume 43, Issue 2 , Pages 117-123 , 16 June 2000

Obstetric factors, urbanization and psychosis

  • William W. Eaton

      Affiliations

    • Department of Mental Hygiene, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author
    • ,
  • Preben Bo Mortensen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatric Demography, Institute of Basic Psychiatric Research, Aarhus Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
    • ,
  • Morten Frydenberg

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatric Demography, Institute of Basic Psychiatric Research, Aarhus Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

Received 2 February 1999 ,Accepted 30 June 1999.

References 

  1. Adams W, Kendell RE, Hare EH, Munk-Jorgensen P. Epidemiological evidence that maternal influenza contributes to the aetiology of schizophrenia: An analysis of Scottish, English, and Danish data. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1993;163:522–534
  2. Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Engstrom A, Rydberg U. Cannabis and schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. The Lancet. 1987;December 26(ii):1483–1485
  3. Brown, A.S., Susser, E., Cohen, P., Greenwald, S., 1998. Schizophrenia following prenatal rubella exposure: gestational timing and diagnostic specificity. Ninth Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia.
  4. Castle DJ, Scott K, Wessely S, Murray RM. Does social deprivation during gestation and early life predispose to later schizophrenia?. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol. 1993;28(1):1–4
  5. Eaton WW. Residence, social class and schizophrenia. J. Health Social Behavior. 1974;15:289–299
  6. Faris RE, Dunham W. Mental Disorders in Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1939;
  7. Freeman H. Schizophrenia and city residence. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1994;164(Suppl. 23):39–50
  8. Geddes JR, Lawrie SM. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1995;167:786–793
  9. Horrobin DF, Iain A, Glen M, Vaddadi K. The membrane hypothesis of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1994;13:195–207
  10. Hovatta I, Terwilliger JD, Lichterman D, Makikyro T, Suvisaari J, Peltonen L, et al. Schizophrenia in the genetic isolate of Finland. Am. J. Med. Genet. 1997;74:353–360
  11. Jones, P., Pang, D., Piracha, S., Fine, P., 1998. Long-term effects of viral infections in utero on adult mental disorder. Ninth Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia.
  12. Keatinge C. Psychiatric admissions for alcoholism, neuroses and schizophrenia in rural and urban Ireland. Int. J. Social Psychiatry. 1988;34:58–69
  13. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidemiologic Research. Principles and Quantitative Methods. Belmont, CA: Lifetime Learning Publishers; 1982;
  14. Knudsen L, Kristensen FB. Monitoring perinatal mortality and perinatal care with a national register: content and usage of the Danish Medical Birth Register. Commun. Med. 1986;8(1):29–36
  15. Lewis G, David A, Andreasson SAP. Schizophrenia and city life. The Lancet. 1992;340:137–140
  16. Loffler W, Hafner H, Fatkenheuer B, Maurer K, Riecher-Rossler A, Lutzhoft J, et al. Validation of Danish case register diagnosis for schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1994;90:196–203
  17. Lyon GR, Krasnegor NA. Attention, Memory, and Executive Function. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes; 1996;
  18. Machon R, Mednick S, Schulsinger F. The interaction of seasonality, place of birth, genetic risk and subsequent schizophrenia in a high risk sample. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1983;143:383–388
  19. Marcelis M, Navarro-Mateu F, Murray R, Selten J-P, Van Os J. Urbanization and psychosis: a study of 1942–1978 birth cohorts in The Netherlands. Psychol. Med. 1998;28:871–879
  20. Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Westergaard T, Wohlfahrt J, Ewald H, Mors O, et al. Familial and non-familial risk factors for schizophrenia: a population-based study. New Engl. J. Med. 1999;in press
  21. Munk-Jorgensen P, Kastrup M, Mortensen PB. The Danish psychiatric register as a tool in epidemiology. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1993;370(Suppl.):27–32
  22. Nurmi J-E, Poole ME, Kalakoski V. Age differences in adolescent identity exploration and commitment in urban and rural environments. J. Adolesc. 1996;19:443–452
  23. O'Callaghan E, Cotter D, Colgan K, Larkin C, Walsh D, Waddington J. Confinement of winter birth excess in schizophrenia to the urban-born and its gender specificity. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1995;166:51–54
  24. Peet M, Laugharne JDE, Horrobin DF, Reynolds GP. Arachidonic acid: a common link in the biology of schizophrenia?. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51:665–666
  25. Speechley K, Avison W. Admission to a neonatal intensive care unit as a predictor of long-term health: a 12-year follow-up. J. Devel. Behav. Pediatr. 1995;16(6):397–405
  26. Stevens A, Price J. Evolutionary Psychiatry: A New Beginning. London: Routledge; 1996;
  27. Takei N, Sham PCOE, Glover G, Murray R. Schizophrenia: increased risk associated with winter and city birth — a case-control study in 12 regions within England and Wales. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health. 1995;49:106–109
  28. Thornicroft G, Bisoffi G, De Salvia D, Tansella M. Urban–rural differences in the associations between social deprivation and psychiatric service utilization in schizophrenia and all diagnoses: a case-register study in Northern Italy. Psychol. Med. 1993;23:487–496
  29. Tien AY, Anthony JC. Epidemiological analysis of alcohol and drug use as risk factors for psychotic experiences. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1990;178:473–480
  30. Torrey EF, Bowler A. Geographical distribution of insanity in American: evidence for an urban factor. Schizophr. Bull. 1990;16:591–604
  31. Torrey, E.F., Yolken, R.H., 1998. Is household crowding a risk factor for schizophrenia? Ninth Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia.
  32. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1987;44:660–669
  33. Yolken RH, Torrey EF. Viruses, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1995;8(1):131–145

PII: S0920-9964(99)00152-8

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 43, Issue 2 , Pages 117-123 , 16 June 2000

Article Tools