Schizophrenia Research
Volume 42, Issue 1 , Pages 19-28 , 16 March 2000

Cerebellar vermis area in schizophrenic patients — a post-mortem study

  • Tillmann Supprian

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +49-6841-16-4100; fax: +49-6841-16-4147
  • ,
  • Gerd Ulmar

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, PZN, Heidelberger Strasse 1a, 69168 Wiesloch, Germany
  • ,
  • Manfred Bauer

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, PZN, Heidelberger Strasse 1a, 69168 Wiesloch, Germany
  • ,
  • Michael Schüler

      Affiliations

    • State Hospital of Psychiatry, District Oberfranken, Nordring 2, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany
  • ,
  • Klaus Püschel

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Forensic Medicine, Butenfeld 34, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
  • ,
  • Petra Retz-Junginger

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
  • ,
  • Horst Peter Schmitt

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
  • ,
  • Helmut Heinsen

      Affiliations

    • Morphological Brain Research, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany

Received 13 October 1998 ,Accepted 9 June 1999.

References 

  1. Akshoomoff NA, Courchesne E, Press GA, Iragui V. Contribution of the cerebellum to neuropsychological functioning: evidence from a case of cerebellar degenerative disorder. Neuropsychologia. 1992;30:315–328
  2. Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Cizaldo T, Arndt S, Rezai K, Ponto LLB, et al. Schizophrenia and cognitive dysmetria: a positron-emission tomography study of dysfunctional prefrontal–thalamic–cerebellar circuitry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1996;93:9985–9990
  3. Andreasen NC, Paradiso S, O'Leary DS. ‘Cognitive dysmetria’ as an integrative theory of schizophrenia: a dysfunction in cortical–subcortical–cerebellar circuitry?. Schizophr. Bull. 1998;24:203–218
  4. Aylward E, Reiss A, Barta PE, Tien A, Han W, Lee J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of posterior fossa structures in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1994;151:1448–1452
  5. Boronow J, Pickar D, Ninan PT, Roy A, Hommer D, Linnoila M, et al. Atrophy limited to the third ventricle in chonic schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1985;42:266–271
  6. Bracke-Tolkmitt R, Linden A, Canavan AGM, Rockstroh B, Scholz E, Wessel K, et al. The cerebellum contributes to mental skills. Behav. Neurosci. 1989;103:442–446
  7. Brodal A. Neurological Anatomy in Relation to Clinical Medicine. NewYork: Oxford University Press; 1981;p. 378
  8. Coffman JA, Mefferd J, Golden CJ, Bloch S, Graber B. Cerebellar atrophy in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet. 1981;I:666
  9. Coffman JA, Schwarzkopf SB, Olson SC, Nasrallah HA. Midsagittal cerebral anatomy by magnetic resonance imaging. The importance of slice position and thickness. Schizophr. Res. 1989;2:287–294
  10. Courchesne E, Yeung-Courchesne R, Press GA, Hesselink JR, Jernigan TL. Hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism. New Engl. J. Med. 1988;318:1349–1354
  11. DeLisi LE, Goldin LR, Hamovit JR, Maxwell ME, Kurtz D, Gershon ES. A family study of the association of increased ventricular size with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1986;43:148–153
  12. DeLisi LE, Sakuma M, Tew W, Kushner M, Hoff AL, Grimson R. Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process: a study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimag. 1997;74:129–140
  13. Dewan MJ, Pandurangi AK, Lee SH, Ramachandran T, Levy BF, Boucher M, et al. Cerebellar morphology in chronic schizophrenic patients: a controlled computed tomography study. Psychiatry Res. 1983;10:97–103
  14. Dichgans J, Diener HC. Clinical evidence for functional compartmentalization of the cerebellum. In:  Bloedel JR,  Dichgans J,  Precht W editor. Cerebellar Functions. Berlin: Springer; 1985;p. 126–147
  15. Einarson L. A method for progressive selective staining of Nissl and nuclear substance in nerve cells. Am. J. Pathol. 1932;8:295–307
  16. Hamilton NG, Frick RB, Takahashi T, Hopping MW. Psychiatric symptoms and cerebellar pathology. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1983;140:1322–1326
  17. Heath RG, Franklin DE, Shraberg D. Gross pathology of the cerebellum in patients diagnosed and treated as functional psychiatric disorders. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1979;167:585–592
  18. Heath RG, Franklin DE, Walker CF, Keating JW. Cerebellar vermal atrophy in psychiatric patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 1982;17:569–583
  19. Jacobsen LK, Giedd JN, Berquin PC, Krain AL, Hamburger SD, Kumra S, et al. Quantitative morphology of the cerebellum and fourth ventricle in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1997;154:1663–1669
  20. Jansen J, Brodal A. Das Kleinhirn. Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen. vol. IV/8. Berlin: Springer; 1958;
  21. Joseph AB, Anderson WH, O'Leary D. Brainstem and vermis atrophy in catatonia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1985;142:352–354
  22. Katsetos CD, Hyde TM, Herman MM. Neuropathology of the cerebellum in schizophrenia — an update: 1996 and future directions. Biol. Psychiatry. 1997;42:213–224
  23. Kutty IN, Prendes JL. Psychosis and cerebellar degeneration. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1981;169:390–391
  24. Leiner HC, Leiner AL, Dow RS. The human cerebro-cerebellar system: its computing, cognitive, and language skills. Behav. Brain Res. 1991;44:113–128
  25. Leiner HC, Leiner AL, Dow RS. Cognitive and language functions of the human cerebellum. Trends Neurosci. 1993;16:444–447
  26. Levitt JJ, Donnino R, Shenton ME, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McMarley RW. A quantitative volumetric MRI study of the brainstem and cerebellum in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1996;39:639
  27. Lippmann S, Manshadi M, Baldwin H, Drasin G, Rice J, Alrajeh S. Cerebellar vermis dimensions on computerized tomographic scans of schizophrenic and bipolar patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1982;139:667–668
  28. Lohr JB, Jeste DV. Cerebellar pathology in schizophrenia?. Biol. Psychiatry. 1986;21:865–875
  29. Luchins DJ, Morihisa JM, Weinberger DR, Wyatt RJ. Cerebral asymmetry and cerebellar atrophy in schizophrenia: a controlled postmortem study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1981;138:1501–1503
  30. Martin P, Albers M. Cerebellum and schizophrenia: a selective review. Schizophr. Bull. 1995;21:241–250
  31. Mathew RJ, Partain CL. Midsagittal sections of the cerebellar vermis and fourth ventricle obtained with magnetic resonance imaging of schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1985;142:970–971
  32. Nasrallah HA, Jacoby CG, McCalley-Whitters M. Cerebellar atrophy in schizophrenia and mania. Lancet. 1981;I:1102
  33. Nasrallah HA, Schwarzkopf SB, Coffman JA, Olson SC. Hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII on MRI scans in schizophrenia is associated with perinatal brain insult. abstract Schizophr. Res. 1989;2:124
  34. Nasrallah HA, Schwarzkopf SB, Olson SC, Coffman JA. Perinatal brain injury and cerebellar vermal lobules I–X in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1991;29:567–574
  35. Raz N, Torres IJ, Spencer WD, White K, Acker JD. Age related regional differences in cerebellar vermis observed in vivo. Arch. Neurol. 1992;49:412–416
  36. Reyes MG, Gordon A. Cerebellar vermis in schizophrenia. Lancet. 1981;II:700–701
  37. Rieder RO, Mann LS, Weinberger DR, van Kammen DP, Post RM. Computed tomographic scans in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar affective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1983;40:735–739
  38. Rossi A, Stratta P, Mancini F, de Cataldo S, Casacchia M. Cerebellar vermal size in schizophrenia: a male effect. Biol. Psychiatry. 1993;33:354–357
  39. Sandyk R, Kay SR. Atrophy of the cerebellar vermis — relevance to the symptoms of schizophrenia. Int. J. Neurosci. 1991;57:205–212
  40. Schmahmann JD. An emerging concept: the cerebellar contribution to higher function. Arch. Neurol. 1991;48:1178–1187
  41. Slater P, Doyle CA, Deakin JFW. Abnormal persistence of cerebellar serotonin-1A receptors in schizophrenia suggests failure to regress in neonates. J. Neural Transm. 1998;105:305–315
  42. Snider RS. Cerebellar pathology in schizophrenia — cause or consequence?. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1982;6:47–53
  43. Stevens JR. Neuropathology of schizophrenia. Arch. Gru. Psychiatry. 1982;39:1131–1139
  44. Uematsu M, Kaiya H. Cerebellar vermis size predicts drug response in schizophrenic patients: a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 1988;12:837–848
  45. Uematsu M, Kaiya H. Midsagittal cortical pathomorphology of schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res. 1989;30:11–20
  46. Voogd J, Glickstein M. The anatomy of the cerebellum. Trends Neurosci. 1998;21:370–375
  47. Wassink TH, Andreasen NC, Nopoulos P, Flaum M. Cerebellar morphology as a predictor of symptom and psychosocial outcome in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1999;45:41–48
  48. Weibel ER. Stereological Methods: Practical Methods for Biological Morphometry. vol. 1. London: Academic Press; 1979;
  49. Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE, Luchins DJ, Bigelow LB, Wyatt RJ. Cerebellar pathology in schizophrenia: a controlled postmortem study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1980;137:359–362
  50. Weinberger DR, Torrey EF, Wyatt RJ. Cerebellar atrophy in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet. 1979;I:718–719
  51. Wilcox JA. Cerebellar atrophy and catatonia. Letter Biol. Psychiatry. 1991;29:730–734
  52. Yates WR, Jacoby CG, Andreasen NC. Cerebellar atrophy in schizophrenia and affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1987;144:465–467

PII: S0920-9964(99)00103-6

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 42, Issue 1 , Pages 19-28 , 16 March 2000