Schizophrenia Research
Volume 121, Issue 1 , Pages 107-117 , August 2010

Does dopamine mediate the psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis? A review and integration of findings across disciplines

  • Rebecca Kuepper

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Paul D. Morrison

      Affiliations

    • King’s College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
    • ,
  • Jim van Os

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, The Netherlands
    • King’s College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
    • ,
  • Robin M. Murray

      Affiliations

    • King’s College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
    • NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • Gunter Kenis

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Cécile Henquet

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, The Netherlands
    • Mondriaan Zorggroep, Division Addiction Care, South Limburg, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Received 14 January 2010 ,Revised 22 March 2010 ,Accepted 16 May 2010.

References 

  1. Abi-Dargham A. Do we still believe in the dopamine hypothesis? New data bring new evidence. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology/Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP). 2004;7(Suppl 1):S1–S5
  2. Abi-Dargham A, Moore H. Prefrontal DA transmission at D1 receptors and the pathology of schizophrenia. Neuroscientist. 2003;9:404–416
  3. Abi-Dargham A, Rodenhiser J, Printz D, et al. Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2000;97:8104–8109
  4. Abi-Dargham A, Mawlawi O, Lombardo I, et al. Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience. 2002;22:3708–3719
  5. Abler B, Walter H, Erk S, et al. Prediction error as a linear function of reward probability is coded in human nucleus accumbens. Neuroimage. 2006;31:790–795
  6. Akhondzadeh S, Shasavand E, Jamilian H, et al. Dipyridamole in the treatment of schizophrenia: adenosine–dopamine receptor interactions. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2000;25:131–137
  7. Akhondzadeh S, Safarcherati A, Amini H. Beneficial antipsychotic effects of allopurinol as add-on therapy for schizophrenia: a double blind, randomized and placebo controlled trial. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2005;29:253–259
  8. Akil M, Kolachana BS, Rothmond DA, et al. Catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype and dopamine regulation in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience. 2003;23:2008–2013
  9. Andersen MB, Fuxe K, Werge T, et al. The adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 exhibits antipsychotic-like activity in Cebus apella monkeys. Behavioural Pharmacology. 2002;13:639–644
  10. Arnone D, Barrick TR, Chengappa S, et al. Corpus callosum damage in heavy marijuana use: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor tractography and tract-based spatial statistics. Neuroimage. 2008;41:1067–1074
  11. Arnsten AFT. Catecholamine and second messenger influences on prefrontal cortical networks of “representational knowledge”: a rational bridge between genetics and the symptoms of mental illness. Cerebral Cortex. 2007;17:6–15
  12. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Poulton R, et al. Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2002;325:1212–1213
  13. Bach ME, Simpson EH, Kahn L, et al. Transient and selective overexpression of D2 receptors in the striatum causes persistent deficits in conditional associative learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008;105:16027–16032
  14. Bayer HM, Glimcher PW. Midbrain dopamine neurons encode a quantitative reward prediction error signal. Neuron. 2005;47:129–141
  15. Berridge KC, Robinson TE. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 1998;28:309–369
  16. Bhattacharyya S, Morrison PD, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Opposite effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on human brain function and psychopathology. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35(3):764–774
  17. Bilder RM, Volavka J, Lachman HM, et al. The catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism: relations to the tonic-phasic dopamine hypothesis and neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29:1943–1961
  18. Boileau I, Dagher A, Leyton M, et al. Modeling sensitization to stimulants in humans: an [11C]raclopride/positron emission tomography study in healthy men. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2006;63:1386–1395
  19. Bossong MG, van Berckel BN, Boellaard R, et al. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces dopamine release in the human striatum. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34:759–766
  20. Broderick P, Benjamin AB. Caffeine and psychiatric symptoms: a review. The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association. 2004;97:538–542
  21. Brunstein MG, Ghisolfi ES, Ramos FL, et al. A clinical trial of adjuvant allopurinol therapy for moderately refractory schizophrenia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005;66:213–219
  22. Cadoni C, Pisanu A, Solinas M, et al. Behavioural sensitization after repeated exposure to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cross-sensitization with morphine. Psychopharmacology. 2001;158:259–266
  23. Cadoni C, Valentini V, Di Chiara G. Behavioral sensitization to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cross-sensitization with morphine: differential changes in accumbal shell and core dopamine transmission. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2008;106:1586–1593
  24. Calabresi P, Picconi B, Tozzi A, et al. Dopamine-mediated regulation of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity. Trends in Neurosciences. 2007;30:211–219
  25. Carlsson A. Does dopamine play a role in schizophrenia?. Psychological Medicine. 1977;7:583–597
  26. Carlsson A. Antipsychotic drugs, neurotransmitters, and schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1978;135:165–173
  27. Carlsson A. The Neurochemical Circuitry of Schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006;39:10–14
  28. Carlsson A, Carlsson ML. A dopaminergic deficit hypothesis of schizophrenia: the path to discovery. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2006;8:137–142
  29. Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, et al. Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biological Psychiatry. 2005;57:1117–1127
  30. Cheer JF, Wassum KM, Heien ML, et al. Cannabinoids enhance subsecond dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats. Journal of Neuroscience. 2004;24:4393–4400
  31. Cheer JF, Wassum KM, Sombers LA, et al. Phasic dopamine release evoked by abused substances requires cannabinoid receptor activation. Journal of Neuroscience. 2007;27:791–795
  32. Chen J, Paredes W, Lowinson JH, et al. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances presynaptic dopamine efflux in medial prefrontal cortex. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1990;190:259–262
  33. Chen JC, Liang KW, Huang YK, et al. Significance of glutamate and dopamine neurons in the ventral pallidum in the expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. Life Sciences. 2001;68:973–983
  34. Chevaleyre V, Takahashi KA, Castillo PE. Endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity in the CNS. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2006;29:37–76
  35. Chiang YC, Chen JC. The role of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor and down-stream cAMP/DARPP-32 signal in the nucleus accumbens of methamphetamine-sensitized rats. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2007;103(6):2505–2517
  36. Collip D, Myin-Germeys I, Van Os J. Does the concept of “sensitization” provide a plausible mechanism for the putative link between the environment and schizophrenia?. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2008;34:220–225
  37. Corbille AG, Valjent E, Marsicano G, et al. Role of cannabinoid type 1 receptors in locomotor activity and striatal signaling in response to psychostimulants. Journal of Neuroscience. 2007;27:6937–6947
  38. Cougnard A, Marcelis M, Myin-Germeys I, et al. Does normal developmental expression of psychosis combine with environmental risk to cause persistence of psychosis? A psychosis proneness-persistence model. Psychological Medicine. 2007;37:513–527
  39. Curran C, Byrappa N, McBride A. Stimulant psychosis: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;185:196–204
  40. D'Ardenne K, McClure SM, Nystrom LE, et al. BOLD responses reflecting dopaminergic signals in the human ventral tegmental area. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2008;319:1264–1267
  41. de Jong JG, Wasilewski M, van der Vegt BJ, et al. A single social defeat induces short-lasting behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. Physiology and Behavior. 2005;83:805–811
  42. Dean B, Sundram S, Bradbury R, et al. Studies on [3H]CP-55940 binding in the human central nervous system: regional specific changes in density of cannabinoid-1 receptors associated with schizophrenia and cannabis use. Neuroscience. 2001;103:9–15
  43. DeLisi LE. The effect of cannabis on the brain: can it cause brain anomalies that lead to increased risk for schizophrenia?. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2008;21:140–150
  44. Delisi LE, Bertisch HC, Szulc KU, et al. A preliminary DTI study showing no brain structural change associated with adolescent cannabis use. Harm Reduction Journal. 2006;3:17
  45. Deutch AY. The regulation of subcortical dopamine systems by the prefrontal cortex: interactions of central dopamine systems and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Journal of Neural Transmission. 1992;36:61–89
  46. Deutch AY, Clark WA, Roth RH. Prefrontal cortical dopamine depletion enhances the responsiveness of mesolimbic dopamine neurons to stress. Brain Research. 1990;521:311–315
  47. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science. 1992;258:1946–1949(New York, N.Y.)
  48. Di Forti M, Lappin JM, Murray RM. Risk factors for schizophrenia–all roads lead to dopamine. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;17(Suppl 2):101–S107
  49. Dickerson FB, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, et al. A double-blind trial of adjunctive allopurinol for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2009;109:66–69
  50. Dominguez MD, Wichers M, Lieb R, et al. Evidence that onset of clinical psychosis is an outcome of progressively more persistent subclinical psychotic experiences: an 8-year cohort study. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2009;May 21. [Epub ahead of print]
  51. Drew MR, Simpson EH, Kellendonk C, et al. Transient overexpression of striatal D2 receptors impairs operant motivation and interval timing. Journal of Neuroscience. 2007;27:7731–7739
  52. D'Souza DC, Abi-Saab WM, Madonick S, et al. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects in schizophrenia: implications for cognition, psychosis, and addiction. Biological Psychiatry. 2005;57:594–608
  53. D'Souza DC, Braley G, Blaise R, et al. Effects of haloperidol on the behavioral, subjective, cognitive, motor, and neuroendocrine effects of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Psychopharmacology. 2008;198:587–603
  54. Egerton A, Allison C, Brett RR, et al. Cannabinoids and prefrontal cortical function: insights from preclinical studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2006;30:680–695
  55. Erritzoe D, Talbot P, Frankle WG, et al. Positron emission tomography and single photon emission CT molecular imaging in schizophrenia. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 2003;13:817–832
  56. Filip M, Golda A, Zaniewska M, et al. Involvement of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in drug addiction: effects of rimonabant on behavioral responses induced by cocaine. Pharmacological Reports. 2006;58:806–819
  57. Floresco SB, West AR, Ash B, et al. Afferent modulation of dopamine neuron firing differentially regulates tonic and phasic dopamine transmission. Nature Neuroscience. 2003;6:968–973
  58. French ED, Dillon K, Wu X. Cannabinoids excite dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra. Neuroreport. 1997;8:649–652
  59. Freund TF, Katona I, Piomelli D. Role of endogenous cannabinoids in synaptic signaling. Physiological Reviews. 2003;83:1017–1066
  60. Gerdeman GL, Ronesi J, Lovinger DM. Postsynaptic endocannabinoid release is critical to long-term depression in the striatum. Nature Neuroscience. 2002;5:446–451
  61. Goldman-Rakic PS. The “psychic” neuron of the cerebral cortex. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1999;868:13–26
  62. Goldman-Rakic PS, Castner SA, Svensson TH, et al. Targeting the dopamine D1 receptor in schizophrenia: insights for cognitive dysfunction. Psychopharmacology. 2004;174:3–16
  63. Goto Y, Otani S, Grace AA. The yin and yang of dopamine release: a new perspective. Neuropharmacology. 2007;53:583–587
  64. Guillin O, Abi-Dargham A, Laruelle M. Neurobiology of dopamine in schizophrenia. International Review of Neurobiology. 2007;78:1–39
  65. Harley M, Kelleher I, Clarke M, et al. Cannabis use and childhood trauma interact additively to increase the risk of psychotic symptoms in adolescence. Psychological Medicine. 2009;1–8
  66. Hedges DW, Woon FL, Hoopes SP. Caffeine-induced psychosis. CNS Spectrums. 2009;14:127–129
  67. Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, et al. Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2005;330:11
  68. Henquet C, Murray R, Linszen D, et al. The environment and schizophrenia: the role of cannabis use. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2005;31:608–612
  69. Henquet C, Rosa A, Krabbendam L, et al. An experimental study of catechol-o-methyltransferase Val158Met moderation of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced effects on psychosis and cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31:2748–2757
  70. Henquet C, Di Forti M, Morrison P, et al. Gene–environment interplay between cannabis and psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2008;34:1111–1121
  71. Henquet C, Kuepper R, Konings M, et al. Do cannabis and urbanicity interact in causing psychosis?. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2009;35:87
  72. Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, et al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1990;87:1932–1936
  73. Hietala J, Syvalahti E, Vuorio K, et al. Striatal D2 dopamine receptor characteristics in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients studied with positron emission tomography. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994;51:116–123
  74. Hilario MR, Clouse E, Yin HH, et al. Endocannabinoid signaling is critical for habit formation. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 2007;1:6
  75. Houston JE, Murphy J, Adamson G, et al. Childhood sexual abuse, early cannabis use, and psychosis: testing an interaction model based on the National Comorbidity Survey. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2008;34:580–585
  76. Howes OD, Kapur S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III—The final common pathway. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2009;35:549–562
  77. Howes OD, Montgomery AJ, Asselin MC, et al. Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2009;66:13–20
  78. Huttunen J, Heinimaa M, Svirskis T, et al. Striatal dopamine synthesis in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 2008;63:114–117
  79. Jensen J, Willeit M, Zipursky RB, et al. The formation of abnormal associations in schizophrenia: neural and behavioral evidence. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33:473–479
  80. Jentsch JD, Andrusiak E, Tran A, et al. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases prefrontal cortical catecholaminergic utilization and impairs spatial working memory in the rat: blockade of dopaminergic effects with HA966. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1997;16:426–432
  81. Jentsch JD, Verrico CD, Le D, et al. Repeated exposure to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol reduces prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolism in the rat. Neuroscience Letters. 1998;246:169–172
  82. Juckel G, Schlagenhauf F, Koslowski M, et al. Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia. Neuroimage. 2006;29:409–416
  83. Kapur S, Mamo D. Half a century of antipsychotics and still a central role for dopamine D2 receptors. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2003;27:1081–1090
  84. Kapur S, Mizrahi R, Li M. From dopamine to salience to psychosis—linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. 2005;79:59–68
  85. Kellendonk C, Simpson EH, Polan HJ, et al. Transient and selective overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum causes persistent abnormalities in prefrontal cortex functioning. Neuron. 2006;49:603–615
  86. Kikusui T, Faccidomo S, Miczek KA. Repeated maternal separation: differences in cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in adult male and female mice. Psychopharmacology. 2005;178:202–210
  87. Koethe D, Llenos IC, Dulay JR, et al. Expression of CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2007;114:1055–1063
  88. Konings M, Henquet C, Maharajh HD, et al. Early exposure to cannabis and risk for psychosis in young adolescents in Trinidad. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2008;118(3):209–213
  89. Kreitzer AC, Malenka RC. Dopamine modulation of state-dependent endocannabinoid release and long-term depression in the striatum. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2005;25:10537–10545
  90. Kreitzer AC, Malenka RC. Dopamine modulation of state-dependent endocannabinoid release and long-term depression in the striatum. Journal of Neuroscience. 2005;25:10537–10545
  91. Kreitzer AC, Malenka RC. Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of striatal LTD and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease models. Nature. 2007;445:643–647
  92. Lamarque S, Taghzouti K, Simon H. Chronic treatment with Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances the locomotor response to amphetamine and heroin. Implications for vulnerability to drug addiction. Neuropharmacology. 2001;41:118–129
  93. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A. Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 1999;13:358–371
  94. Laruelle M, Kegeles LS, Abi-Dargham A. Glutamate, dopamine, and schizophrenia: from pathophysiology to treatment. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 2003;1003:138–158
  95. Leweke M, Giuffrida A, Wurster U, et al. Elevated endogenous cannabinoids in schizophrenia. NeuroReport. 1999;10:1665–1669
  96. Leweke M, Schneider U, Radwan M, et al. Different effects of nabilone and cannabidiol on binocular depth inversion in Man. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 2000;66:175–181
  97. Lieberman JA, Sheitman BB, Kinon BJ. Neurochemical sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: deficits and dysfunction in neuronal regulation and plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1997;17:205–229
  98. Liem-Moolenaar M, Te Beek ET, de Kam ML, et al. Central nervous system effects of haloperidol on THC in healthy male volunteers. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2010;(Oxford, England)
  99. Linszen D, van Amelsvoort T. Cannabis and psychosis: an update on course and biological plausible mechanisms. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2007;20:116–120
  100. Lodge DJ, Grace AA. Amphetamine activation of hippocampal drive of mesolimbic dopamine neurons: a mechanism of behavioral sensitization. Journal of Neuroscience. 2008;28:7876–7882
  101. Lundqvist T. Cognitive consequences of cannabis use: comparison with abuse of stimulants and heroin with regard to attention, memory and executive functions. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 2005;81:319–330
  102. Lupica CR, Riegel AC. Endocannabinoid release from midbrain dopamine neurons: a potential substrate for cannabinoid receptor antagonist treatment of addiction. Neuropharmacology. 2005;48:1105–1116
  103. Lynch MR. Schizophrenia and the D1 receptor: focus on negative symptoms. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1992;16:797–832
  104. MacLean KI, Littleton JM. Environmental stress as a factor in the response of rat brain catecholamine metabolism to delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1977;41:171–182
  105. Maldonado R, Valverde O, Berrendero F. Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in drug addiction. Trends in Neurosciences. 2006;29:225–232
  106. Martinot JL, Peron-Magnan P, Huret JD, et al. Striatal D2 dopaminergic receptors assessed with positron emission tomography and [76Br]bromospiperone in untreated schizophrenic patients. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;147:44–50
  107. Matochik JA, Eldreth DA, Cadet JL, et al. Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2005;77:23–30
  108. Matyas F, Urban GM, Watanabe M, et al. Identification of the sites of 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis and action imply retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at both GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses in the ventral tegmental area. Neuropharmacology. 2008;54:95–107
  109. McGrath J, Welham J, Scott J, et al. Association between cannabis use and psychosis-related outcomes using sibling pair analysis in a cohort of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):440–447
  110. Mechoulam R, Ben-Shabat S, Hanus L, et al. Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1995;50:83–90
  111. Melis M, Perra S, Muntoni AL, et al. Prefrontal cortex stimulation induces 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol-mediated suppression of excitation in dopamine neurons. Journal of Neuroscience. 2004;24:10707–10715
  112. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Miletich RS, Kohn PD, et al. Reduced prefrontal activity predicts exaggerated striatal dopaminergic function in schizophrenia. Nature Neuroscience. 2002;5:267–271
  113. Mokler DJ, Robinson SE, Johnson JH, et al. Neonatal administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alters the neurochemical response to stress in the adult Fischer-344 rat. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 1987;9:321–327
  114. Moore TH, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, et al. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet. 2007;370:319–328
  115. Morrison PD, Murray RM. From real-world events to psychosis: the emerging neuropharmacology of delusions. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2009;35:668–674
  116. Murray RM, Lewis SW. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition). 1987;295:681–682
  117. Murray RM, Morrison PD, Henquet C, et al. Cannabis, the mind and society: the hash realities. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2007;8:885–895
  118. Murray GK, Corlett P, Clark L, et al. Substantia nigra/ventral tegmental reward prediction error disruption in psychosis. Molecular Psychiatry. 2008;13(239):267–276
  119. Murray RM, Lappin J, Di Forti M. Schizophrenia: from developmental deviance to dopamine dysregulation. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;18(Suppl 3):129–S134
  120. Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P, van Os J. Behavioural sensitization to daily life stress in psychosis. Psychological Medicine. 2005;35:733–741
  121. Nordstrom AL, Farde L, Eriksson L, et al. No elevated D2 dopamine receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients revealed by positron emission tomography and [11C]N-methylspiperone. Psychiatry Research. 1995;61:67–83
  122. O'Daly O, Guillin O, Tsapakis E, et al. Schizophrenia and substance abuse co-morbidity: a role for dopamine sensitization?. Journal of Dual Diagnosis. 2005;1:11–40
  123. Patrick SL, Thompson TL, Walker JM, et al. Concomitant sensitization of amphetamine-induced behavioral stimulation and in vivo dopamine release from rat caudate nucleus. Brain Research. 1991;538:343–346
  124. Pawlak V, Kerr JN. Dopamine receptor activation is required for corticostriatal spike-timing-dependent plasticity. Journal of Neuroscience. 2008;28:2435–2446
  125. Pertwee RG. Cannabinoid pharmacology: the first 66years. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2006;147(Suppl 1):163–S171
  126. Pertwee RG. The diverse CB(1) and CB(2) receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2007;153(2):199–215
  127. Pessiglione M, Seymour B, Flandin G, et al. Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans. Nature. 2006;442:1042–1045
  128. Pilowsky LS, Costa DC, Ell PJ, et al. D2 dopamine receptor binding in the basal ganglia of antipsychotic-free schizophrenic patients. An 123I-IBZM single photon emission computerised tomography study. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;164:16–26
  129. Pistis M, Porcu G, Melis M, et al. Effects of cannabinoids on prefrontal neuronal responses to ventral tegmental area stimulation. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;14:96–102
  130. Pistis M, Ferraro L, Pira L, et al. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol decreases extracellular GABA and increases extracellular glutamate and dopamine levels in the rat prefrontal cortex: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Research. 2002;948:155–158
  131. Prasad BM, Sorg BA, Ulibarri C, et al. Sensitization to stress and psychostimulants. Involvement of dopamine transmission versus the HPA axis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1995;771:617–625
  132. Ranganathan M, D'Souza DC. The acute effects of cannabinoids on memory in humans: a review. Psychopharmacology. 2006;188:425–444
  133. Riegel AC, Lupica CR. Independent presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms regulate endocannabinoid signaling at multiple synapses in the ventral tegmental area. Journal of Neuroscience. 2004;24:11070–11078
  134. Robbe D, Kopf M, Remaury A, et al. Endogenous cannabinoids mediate long-term synaptic depression in the nucleus accumbens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002;99:8384–8388
  135. Robinson TE, Becker JB. Behavioral sensitization is accompanied by an enhancement in amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release from striatal tissue in vitro. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1982;85:253–254
  136. Ronesi J, Gerdeman GL, Lovinger DM. Disruption of endocannabinoid release and striatal long-term depression by postsynaptic blockade of endocannabinoid membrane transport. Journal of Neuroscience. 2004;24:1673–1679
  137. Schultz W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1998;80:1–27
  138. Schultz W. Getting formal with dopamine and reward. Neuron. 2002;36:241–263
  139. Seeman P. Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Synapse (New York, N.Y.). 1987;1:133–152
  140. Semple DM, McIntosh AM, Lawrie SM. Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis: systematic review. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2005;19:187–194
  141. Shen W, Flajolet M, Greengard P, et al. Dichotomous dopaminergic control of striatal synaptic plasticity. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2008;321:848–851
  142. Smith A, Li M, Becker S, et al. Dopamine, prediction error and associative learning: a model-based account. Network (Bristol, England). 2006;17:61–84
  143. Solowij N, Michie PT. Cannabis and cognitive dysfunction: parallels with endophenotypes of schizophrenia?. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 2007;32:30–52
  144. Sorg BA, Kalivas PW. Effects of cocaine and footshock stress on extracellular dopamine levels in the ventral striatum. Brain Research. 1991;559:29–36
  145. Stokes PR, Mehta MA, Curran HV, et al. Can recreational doses of THC produce significant dopamine release in the human striatum?. Neuroimage. 2009;48(1):186–190
  146. Stuber GD, Klanker M, de Ridder B, et al. Reward-predictive cues enhance excitatory synaptic strength onto midbrain dopamine neurons. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2008;321:1690–1692
  147. Tanda G, Pontieri FE, Di Chiara G. Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common mu1 opioid receptor mechanism. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1997;276:2048–2050
  148. Thiemann G, Di Marzo V, Molleman A, et al. The CB(1) cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 attenuates amphetamine-induced behavioural sensitization while causing monoamine changes in nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 2008;89:384–391
  149. Thiemann G, van der Stelt M, Petrosino S, et al. The role of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor and its endogenous ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, in amphetamine-induced behavioural sensitization. Behavioral Brain Research. 2008;187:289–296
  150. van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M, et al. Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002;156:319–327
  151. Varvel SA, Lichtman AH. Evaluation of CB1 receptor knockout mice in the Morris water maze. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2002;301:915–924
  152. Verrico CD, Jentsch JD, Roth RH. Persistent and anatomically selective reduction in prefrontal cortical dopamine metabolism after repeated, intermittent cannabinoid administration to rats. Synapse (New York, N.Y.). 2003;49:61–66
  153. Verrico CD, Jentsch JD, Roth RH, et al. Repeated, intermittent delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol administration to rats impairs acquisition and performance of a test of visuospatial divided attention. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29:522–529
  154. Voruganti LN, Slomka P, Zabel P, et al. Cannabis induced dopamine release: an in-vivo SPECT study. Psychiatry Research. 2001;107:173–177
  155. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1987;44:660–669
  156. Weiss SM, Whawell E, Upton R, et al. Potential for antipsychotic and psychotomimetic effects of A2A receptor modulation. Neurology. 2003;61:S88–S93
  157. Welch KA, McIntosh AM, Job DE, et al. The impact of substance use on brain structure in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2010;March 11. [Epub ahead of print]
  158. Wilson RI, Nicoll RA. Endogenous cannabinoids mediate retrograde signalling at hippocampal synapses. Nature. 2001;410:588–592
  159. Wilson W, Mathew R, Turkington T, et al. Brain morphological changes and early marijuana use: a magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography study. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2000;19:1–22
  160. Yin HH, Lovinger DM. Frequency-specific and D2 receptor-mediated inhibition of glutamate release by retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103:8251–8256
  161. Yin HH, Mulcare SP, Hilario MR, et al. Dynamic reorganization of striatal circuits during the acquisition and consolidation of a skill. Nature Neuroscience. 2009;12:333–341
  162. Yucel M, Solowij N, Respondek C, et al. Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2008;65:694–701
  163. Zammit S, Moore TH, Lingford-Hughes A, et al. Effects of cannabis use on outcomes of psychotic disorders: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2008;193:357–363
  164. Zuardi A, Crippa J, Hallak J, et al. Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2008;23(8):979–983

PII: S0920-9964(10)01352-6

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.031

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 121, Issue 1 , Pages 107-117 , August 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution