Schizophrenia Research
Volume 120, Issue 1 , Pages 42-48 , July 2010

Potential stigma associated with inclusion of the psychosis risk syndrome in the DSM-V: An empirical question

  • Lawrence H. Yang

      Affiliations

    • Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1610, New York, NY 10032, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 212 305 4747; fax: +1 212 342 5169.
  • ,
  • Ahtoy J. Wonpat-Borja

      Affiliations

    • Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1610, New York, NY 10032, United States
  • ,
  • Mark G. Opler

      Affiliations

    • New York University, Department of Psychiatry, United States
    • New York University, Department of Environmental Medicine, United States
  • ,
  • Cheryl M. Corcoran

      Affiliations

    • Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry, United States

Received 24 September 2009 ,Revised 5 February 2010 ,Accepted 12 March 2010.

References 

  1. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H. Public beliefs about schizophrenia and depression: similarities and differences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2003;38(9):526–534
  2. Bombard Y, Veenstra G, Friedman JM, Creighton S, Currie L, Paulsen JS, et al. Perceptions of genetic discrimination among people at risk for Huntington's disease: a cross sectional survey. British Medical Journal. 2009;338:b2175
  3. Cannon TD, Cadenhead K, Cornblatt B, Woods SW, Addington J, Walker E, et al. Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: a multisite longitudinal study in North America. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2008;65(1):28–37
  4. Chandra A, Minkovitz CS. Stigma starts early: gender differences in teen willingness to use mental health services. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2006;38(6):754.e1–754.e8
  5. Clausen JA. Stigma and mental disorder: phenomena and terminology. Psychiatry. 1981;44(4):287–296
  6. Corcoran, C.M., First, M.B., Cornblatt, B., 2010. The psychosis risk syndrome and its proposed inclusion in the DSM-V: a risk-benefit analysis. Schizophrenia Research 120, 16–22 (this issue).
  7. Corcoran C, Malaspina D, Hercher L. Prodromal interventions for schizophrenia vulnerability: the risks of being “at risk”. Schizophrenia Research. 2005;73(2–3):173–184
  8. Corrigan PW, Markowitz FE, Watson AC. Structural levels of mental illness stigma and discrimination. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2004;30(3):481–491
  9. Corrigan PW, Lurie BD, Goldman HH, Slopen N, Medasani K, Phelan S, et al. How adolescents perceive the stigma of mental illness and alcohol abuse. Psychiatric Services. 2005;56(5):544–550
  10. Corrigan PW, Watson AC, Barr L. The self-stigma of mental illness: implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2006;25(8):875–884
  11. Crisp AH, Gelder MG, Rix S, Meltzer HI, Rowlands OJ. Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science. 2000;177:4–7
  12. Crocker J, Major B, Steele C. Social stigma: the psychology of marked relationships. In:  Gilbert DT,  Fiske ST,  Lindzey G editor. The Handbook of Social Psychology. 1998;p. 504–553
  13. Eccles JS, Midgley C, Buchanan CM, Wigfield A, Reuman D, MacIver D. Development during adolescence: the impact of stage/environment fit. American Psychologist. 1993;48:90–101
  14. Fung KMT, Tsang HWH, Corrigan PW, Lam CS, Cheung W, Cheng W. Measuring self-stigma of mental illness in China and its implications for recovery. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2007;53(5):408–418
  15. Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall; 1963;
  16. Greely HT. Banning genetic discrimination. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;353(9):865–867
  17. Hafner H, Maurer K, Loffler W, An Der Heiden W, Munk-Jorgensen P, Hambrecht M, et al. The ABC schizophrenia study: a preliminary overview of the results. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1998;33(8):380–386
  18. Hayne YM. Experiencing psychiatric diagnosis: client perspectives on being named mentally ill. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing. 2003;10(6):722–729
  19. Jones EE, Farina A, Hastorf AH, Markus H, Miller DT, Scott RA, et al. Social Stigma: The Psychology of Marked Relationships. New York: WH Freeman; 1984;
  20. Kenen RH, Shapiro PJ, Hantsoo L, Friedman S, Coyne JC. Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations renegotiating a post-prophylactic mastectomy identity: self-image and self-disclosure. Journal of Genetic Counseling. 2007;16(6):789–798
  21. Lally SJ. Does being in here mean there is something wrong with me?. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1989;15(2):253–265
  22. Link BG, Phelan JC. Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology. 2001;27(1):363–385
  23. Link BG, Cullen FT, Frank J, Wozniak JF. The social rejection of former mental patients: understanding why labels matter. The American Journal of Sociology. 1987;92(6):1461–1500
  24. Link BG, Cullen FT, Struening E, Shrout PE, Dohrenwend BP. A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: an empirical assessment. American Sociological Review. 1989;54(3):400–423
  25. Link BG, Mirotznik J, Cullen FT. The effectiveness of stigma coping orientations: can negative consequences of mental illness labeling be avoided?. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1991;32(3):302–320
  26. Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnahan M, Stueve A, Pescosolido BA. Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. American Journal of Public Health. 1999;89(9):1328–1333
  27. Link BG, Struening E, Neese-Todd S, Asmussen S, Phelan JC. Stigma as a barrier to recovery: the consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52(12):1621–1626
  28. Link BG, Struening E, Neese-Todd S, Asmussen S, Phelan JC. On describing and seeking to change the experience of stigma. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills. 2002;6(2):201–231
  29. Link BG, Yang LH, Phelan JC, Collins PY. Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2004;30(3):511–541
  30. Low L, King S, Wilkie T. Genetic discrimination in life insurance: empirical evidence from a cross sectional survey of genetic support groups in the United Kingdom. British Medical Journal. 1998;317(7173):1632–1635
  31. Major B, O'Brien LT. The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology. 2005;56:393–421
  32. Major B, McCoy S, Kaiser C, Quinton W. Prejudice and self-esteem: a transactional model. In:  Stroebe W,  Hewstone M editor. European review of Social Psychology. London: Psychology Press; 2004;
  33. Markowitz FE. Sociological models of mental illness stigma: progress and prospects. In:  Corrigan PW editors. 1st ed. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association (APA); 2005;p. 129–144
  34. McCay, E., Beanlands, H., Zipursky, R., Roy, P., Leszcz, M., Landeen, J., et al. 2007. A randomized controlled trial of a group intervention to reduce engulfment and self-stigmatization in first episode schizophrenia. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health 6(3) 66–74.
  35. McGlashan TH, Zipursky RB, Perkins DO, Addington J, Woods SW, Miller TJ, et al. Olanzapine for treatment of the schizophrenia prodrome: 2-year results of a randomized placebo-controlled study. Biological Psychiatry. 2004;55:226S
  36. McGorry PD, Yung AR, Phillips LJ. Ethics and early intervention in psychosis: keeping up the pace and staying in step. Schizophrenia Research. 2001;51(1):17–29
  37. McGorry PD, Yung AR, Phillips LJ, Yuen HP, Francey S, Cosgrave EM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first-episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002;59(10):921–928
  38. Mead GH. Mind, Self, and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press; 1934;
  39. Miller TJ, McGlashan TH, Rosen JL, et al. Prodromal assessment with the structured interview for prodromal syndromes and the scale of prodromal symptoms: predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2003;29(4):703–715
  40. Moses T. Self-labeling and its effects among adolescents diagnosed with mental disorders. Social Science & Medicine. 2009;68(3):570–578
  41. Moses T. Stigma and self-concept among adolescents receiving mental health treatment. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2009;79(2):261–274
  42. Murrie DC, Cornell DG, McCoy WK. Psychopathy, conduct disorder, and stigma: does diagnostic labeling influence juvenile probation officer recommendations?. Law and Human Behavior. 2005;29(3):323–342
  43. Page S. Effects of the mental illness label in attempts to obtain accommodation. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science. 1977;85–90
  44. Penn DL, Judge A, Jamieson P, Garczynski J, Hennessy M, Romer D. Stigma. In:  Evans DL,  Sunnylands AFTA editor. Treating and Preventing Adolescent Mental Health Disorders. US: Oxford University Press; 2005;
  45. Penziner E, Williams JK, Erwin C, Bombard Y, Wallis A, Beglinger LJ, et al. Perceptions of discrimination among persons who have undergone predictive testing for Huntington's disease. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics: The Official Publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics. 2008;147(3):320–325
  46. Pescosolido BA, Fettes DL, Martin JK, Monahan J, McLeod JD. Perceived dangerousness of children with mental health problems and support for coerced treatment. Psychiatric Services. 2007;58(5):619–625
  47. Pescosolido BA, Perry BL, Martin JK, McLeod JD, Jensen PS. Stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs about treatment and psychiatric medications for children with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2007;58(5):613–618
  48. Prince PN, Prince CR. Perceived stigma and community integration among clients of assertive community treatment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 2002;25(4):323–331
  49. Quaid KA, Sims SL, Swenson MM, Harrison JM, Moskowitz C, Stepanov N, et al. Living at risk: concealing risk and preserving hope in Huntington disease. Journal of Genetic Counseling. 2008;17(1):117–128
  50. Ritsher JB, Phelan JC. Internalized stigma predicts erosion of morale among psychiatric outpatients. Psychiatry Research. 2004;129(3):257–265
  51. Steele CM, Spencer SJ, Aronson J. Contending with group image: the psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In:  Zanna MP editors. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 34:San Diego, CA: Academic; 2002;p. 379–440
  52. Tanne JH. US Senate outlaws genetic discrimination. British Medical Journal. 2008;336(7652):1038
  53. Taylor S, Treloar S, Barlow-Stewart K, Stranger M, Otlowski M. Investigating genetic discrimination in Australia: a large-scale survey of clinical genetics clients. Clinical Genetics. 2008;74(1):20–30
  54. Wahl OF. Mental health consumers' experience of stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1999;25(3):467–478
  55. Wisdom JP, Green CA. “Being in a funk”: teens' efforts to understand their depressive experiences. Qualitative Health Research. 2004;14(9):1227–1238
  56. Wong C, Davidson L, Anglin D, Link B, Gerson R, Malaspina D, et al. Stigma in families of individuals in early stages of psychotic illness: family stigma and early psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 2009;3:108–115
  57. Woods SW, Addington J, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, Heinssen R, et al. Validity of the prodromal risk syndrome for first psychosis: findings from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2009;35(5):894–908
  58. World Health Organization . WHO | The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008;Available at http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/2004_report_update/en/index.html [Accessed September 13, 2009]
  59. Yang LH, Kleinman A, Link BG, Phelan JC, Lee S, Good B. Culture and stigma: adding moral experience to stigma theory. Social Science & Medicine. 2007;64(7):1524–1535
  60. Yang L, Link BG, Phelan JC. Stigma measurement approaches: conceptual origins and current applications. In:  Arboleda-Florez J editors. Stigma in Mental Health: Interventions to Reduce the Burden. London: John Wiley & Sons; 2008;
  61. Yang LH, Kleinman A, Cho S. Stigma of mental illness. In: Heggenhougen , Quah  editor. International Encyclopedia of Public Health. Vol. 6:San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2008;p. 219–230
  62. Yung AR, Buckby JA, Cotton SM, et al. Psychotic-like experiences in nonpsychotic help-seekers: associations with distress, depression, and disability. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2006;32(2):352–359
  63. Zarrett N, Eccles J. The passage to adulthood: challenges of late adolescence. New Directions for Youth Development. 2006;111:13–287

PII: S0920-9964(10)01182-5

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.012

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 120, Issue 1 , Pages 42-48 , July 2010