Schizophrenia Research
Volume 119, Issue 1 , Pages 79-88 , June 2010

A systematic review of relapse measurement in randomized controlled trials of relapse prevention in first-episode psychosis

  • John F.M. Gleeson

      Affiliations

    • Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne and the Northwestern Mental Health Program, Melbourne Health. University of Melbourne Psychology Clinic, 14–20 Blackwood Street, The University of Melbourne Victoria, 3010, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +61 3 93264774; fax: +61 3 93267616.
    • ,
  • Mario Alvarez-Jimenez

      Affiliations

    • Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne. Locked Bag 10, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
    • Present Address: From February 2010—Orygen Research Centre, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3152, Australia.
    • ,
  • Sue M. Cotton

      Affiliations

    • Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne. Locked Bag 10, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
    • ,
  • Alexandra G. Parker

      Affiliations

    • Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne. Locked Bag 10, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
    • Headspace Centre of Excellence, National Youth Mental Health Foundation Locked Bag 10, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
    • ,
  • Sarah Hetrick

      Affiliations

    • Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne. Locked Bag 10, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
    • Headspace Centre of Excellence, National Youth Mental Health Foundation Locked Bag 10, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia

Received 9 December 2009 ,Revised 19 February 2010 ,Accepted 26 February 2010.

References 

  1. Almond S, Knapp M, Francois C, Toumi M, Brugha T. Relapse in schizophrenia: costs, clinical outcomes and quality of life. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2004;184:346–351
  2. Alvarez-Jimenez M, Hetrick SE, Gonzalez-Blanch C, Gleeson JF, McGorry PD. Non-pharmacological management of anti psychotic-induced weight gain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2008;193:101–107
  3. Álvarez-Jiménez, M., Parker, A. G., Hetrick, S. E., McGorry, P. D., Gleeson, J. F. in press. Preventing the second episode: a systematic review and meta-analysis of psychosocial and pharmacological trials in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr. Bull. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp129.
  4. Andreasen NC, Carpenter WT, Kane JM, Lasser RA, Marder SR, Weinberger DR. Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. Am. J. Psychiat. 2005;162(3):441–449
  5. Bebbington PE, Craig T, Garety P, Fowler D, Dunn G, Colbert S, et al. Remission and relapse in psychosis: operational definitions based on case-note data. Psychol. Med. 2006;36(11):1551–1562
  6. Birchwood M, Iqbal Z, Chadwick P, Trower P. Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis I. Ontogeny of post-psychotic depression.. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2000;177:516–521
  7. Bola JR, Mosher LR. Treatment of acute psychosis without neuroleptics: two-year outcomes from the Soteria project. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2003;191(4):219–229
  8. Boutron I, Moher D, Altman DG, Schulz KF, Ravaud P. Extending the CONSORT statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: explanation and elaboration. Ann. Intern. Med. 2008;148(4):295–309
  9. Craig TK, Garety P, Power P, Rahaman N, Colbert S, Fornells-Ambrojo M, et al. The Lambeth Early Onset (LEO) Team: randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of specialised care for early psychosis. Br. Med. J. 2004;329(7474):1067–1070
  10. Crow TJ, Macmillan JF, Johnstone AL, Johnstone EC. The Northwick Park study of first episodes of schizophrenia II. A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic neuroleptic treatment.. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1986;148:120–127
  11. Csernansky JG, Mahmoud R, Brenner R. A comparison of risperidone and haloperidol for the prevention of relapse in patients with schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002;346(1):16–22
  12. Falloon IRH. Relapse—a reappraisal of assessment of outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1984;10(2):293–299
  13. Falloon IRH, Marshall GN, Boyd JL, Razani J, Woodsiverio C. Relapse in schizophrenia—a review of the concept and its definitions. Psychol. Med. 1983;13(3):469–477
  14. First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W. 1996. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-patient version (SCID-I/P). New York, NY: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
  15. Gaebel W, Riesbeck M, Wolwer W, Klimke A, Eickhoff M, Von Wilmsdorff M, et al. Maintenance treatment with risperidone or low-dose haloperidol in first-episode schizophrenia: 1-year results of a randomized controlled trial within the German research network on schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2007;68(11):1763–1774
  16. Gitlin M, Nuechterlein K, Subotnik KL, Ventura J, Mintz J, Fogelson DL, et al. Clinical outcome following neuroleptic discontinuation in patients with remitted recent-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 2001;158(11):1835–1842
  17. Gleeson JFM, Cotton SM, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Wade D, Gee D, Crisp K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of relapse prevention therapy for first-episode psychosis patients. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2009;70(4):477–486
  18. Grawe RW, Falloon IRH, Widen JH, Skogvoll E. Two years of continued early treatment for recent-onset schizophrenia: a randomised controlled study. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2006;114(5):328–336
  19. Guy WB. Manual for the ECDEU Assessment Battery. 2 ed. Chevy Chase, Md: National Institute of Mental Health; 1970;
  20. Haddock G, McCarron J, Tarrier N, Faragher EB. Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions: the psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS). Psychol. Med. 1999;29:879–889
  21. Hong JY, Windmeijer F, Novick D, Haro JM, Brown J. The cost of relapse in patients with schizophrenia in the European SOHO (Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes) study. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2009;33(5):835–841
  22. International Early Psychosis Association Writing Group . International clinical practice guidelines for early psychosis. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2005;187:S120–S124
  23. Jackson HJ, McGorry PD, Killackey E, Bendall S, Allott K, Dudgeon P, et al. Acute-phase and 1-year follow-up results of a randomized controlled trial of CBT versus Befriending for first-episode psychosis: the ACE project. Psychol. Med. 2008;38(5):725–735
  24. Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Johnston AL, Macmillan JF. The Northwick Park study of first episodes of schizophrenia I. Presentation of the illness and problems relating to admission. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1986;148:115–120
  25. Kahn RS, Fleischhacker WW, Boter H, Davidson M, Vergouwe Y, Keet IPM, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: an open randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9618):1085–1097
  26. Kane JM, Leucht S. Unanswered questions in schizophrenia clinical trials. Schizophr. Bull. 2008;34(2):302–309
  27. Kane JM, Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Nayak D, Ramos-Lorenzi J. Fluphenazine versus placebo in patients with remitted, acute first-episode schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39:70–73
  28. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1987;13(2):261–276
  29. Leavey G, Gulamhussein S, Papadopoulos C, Johnson-Sabine E, Blizard B, King M. A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for families of patients with a first episode of psychosis. Psychol. Med. 2004;34(3):423–431
  30. Lenior ME, Dingemans P, Linszen DH, De Haan L, Schene AH. Social functioning and the course of early-onset schizophrenia—five-year follow-up of a psychosocial intervention. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2001;179:53–58
  31. Leucht S, Barnes TRE, Kissling W, Engel RR, Correll C, Kane JM. Relapse prevention in schizophrenia with new-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am. J. Psychiaty. 2003;160(7):1209–1222
  32. Lieberman JA, Phillips M, Gu HB, Stroup S, Zhang PY, Kong L, et al. Atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs in treatment-naive first-episode schizophrenia: a 52-week randomized trial of clozapine vs chlorpromazine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28(5):995–1003
  33. Linszen DH, Dingemans PM, Lenior ME, Nugter MA, Scholte WF, Van der Does AJW. Relapse criteria in schizophrenic disorders: different perspectives. Psychiatry Res. 1994;54:273–281
  34. Lukoff D, Liberman RP, Nuechterlein KH. Symptom monitoring in the rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Bull. 1986;12:578–593
  35. Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, Drake R, Jones P, Croudace T. Association between duration of untreated psychosis and in cohorts of first-episode outcome patients—a systematic review. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2005;62(9):975–983
  36. McCreadie RG. The Scottish 1st Episode Schizophrenia Study. 7. 2-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1989;80(6):597–602
  37. McGorry PD, Killackey E, Yung A. Early intervention in psychosis: concepts, evidence and future directions. World Psychiatry. 2008;7(3):148–156
  38. Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. The Lancet. 2001;357:1191–1194
  39. Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME, Gitlin M, Ventura J, Goldstein MJ, Snyder KS, et al. Developmental processes in schizophrenic disorders: longitudinal studies of vulnerability and stress. Schizophr. Bull. 1992;18(3):387–425
  40. Nuechterlein KH, Miklowitz DJ, Ventura J, Gitlin MJ, Stoddard M, Lukoff D. Classifying episodes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: criteria for relapse and remission applied to recent-onset samples. Psychiatry Res. 2006;144(2–3):153–166
  41. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychiatric Reports. 1962;10:799–812
  42. Perkins DO, Gu HB, Boteva K, Lieberman JA. Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiaty. 2005;162(10):1785–1804
  43. Petersen L, Jeppesen P, Thorup A, Abel MJ, Ohlenschlaeger J, Christensen TO, et al. A randomised multicentre trial of integrated versus standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness. Br. Med. J. 2005;331(7517):602–605
  44. Robinson DG, Woerner MG, Alvir J, Bilder R, Goldman R, Geisler S, et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1999;56:241–247
  45. Schooler N, Rabinowitz J, Davidson M, Emsley R, Harvey PD, Kopala L, et al. Risperidone and haloperidol in first-episode psychosis: a long-term randomized trial. Am. J. Psychiaty. 2005;162(5):947–953
  46. Tansella M, Thornicroft G, Barbui C, Cipriani A, Saraceno B. Seven criteria for improving effectiveness trials in psychiatry. Psychol. Med. 2006;36(5):711–720
  47. Tarrier N, Lewis S, Haddock G, Bentall R, Drake R, Kinderman P, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy in first-episode and early schizophrenia—18-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2004;184:231–239
  48. van Os J, Burns T, Cavallaro R, Leucht S, Peuskens J, Helldin L, et al. Standardized remission criteria in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2006;113(2):91–95
  49. Wiersma D, Nienhuis FJ, Slooff CJ, Giel R. Natural course of schizophrenic disorders: a 15-year follow up of a Dutch incidence cohort. Schizophr. Bull. 1998;24(1):75–85
  50. Wunderink L, Nienhuis FJ, Sytema S, Slooff CJ, Knegtering R, Wiersma D. Guided discontinuation versus maintenance treatment in remitted first-episode psychosis: relapse rates and functional outcome. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2007;68(5):654–661
  51. Wykes T, Steel C, Everitt B, Tarrier N. Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia: effect sizes, clinical models, and methodological rigor. Schizophr. Bull. 2008;34(3):523–537
  52. Zhang M, Wang M, Li J, Phillips MR. Randomised-control trial of family intervention for 78 first-episode male schizophrenic patients: an 18-month study in Suzhou. Jiangsu. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1994;165(Suppl 24):96–102

PII: S0920-9964(10)01168-0

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.1073

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 119, Issue 1 , Pages 79-88 , June 2010

Article Tools