Schizophrenia Research
Volume 118, Issue 1 , Pages 41-47 , May 2010

Early developmental milestones and risk of schizophrenia: A 45-year follow-up of the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort

  • Holger J. Sørensen

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
    • Department of Psychiatry, Amager Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
  • ,
  • Erik L. Mortensen

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
    • Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
    • Center of Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5 A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Tel.: +45 35327839; fax: +45 35327748.
  • ,
  • Jason Schiffman

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
  • ,
  • June M. Reinisch

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
    • The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
  • ,
  • Justin Maeda

      Affiliations

    • University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
  • ,
  • Sarnoff A. Mednick

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
    • Social Science Research Institute, University of Southern California, USA
    • Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, USA

Received 22 September 2009 ,Revised 21 January 2010 ,Accepted 29 January 2010.

References 

  1. Bauer PM, Hanson JL, Pierson RK, Davidson RJ, Pollak SD. Cerebellar volume and cognitive functioning in children who experienced early deprivation. Biol. Psychiatry. 2009;66:1100–1106
  2. Cannon M, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Taylor A, Murray RM, et al. Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2002;59:449–456
  3. Cannon M, Jones PB, Murray RM. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2002;159:1080–1092
  4. Crow TJ, Done DJ, Sacker A. Childhood precursors of psychosis as clues to its evolutionary origins. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1995;245:61–69
  5. Dalman CH, Broms J, Cullberg J, Allebeck P. Young cases of schizophrenia identified in a national inpatient register: are the diagnoses valid?. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2002;37:527–531
  6. Graham JW. Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2009;60:549–576
  7. Harrison PJ. The neuropathology of schizophrenia. A critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain. 1999;122(Pt 4):593–624
  8. Henriksson KM, McNeil TF. Health and development in the first 4years of life in offspring of women with schizophrenia and affective psychoses: Well-Baby Clinic information. Schizophr. Res. 2004;70:39–48
  9. Isohanni M, Jones PB, Moilanen K, Rantakallio P, Veijola J, Oja H, et al. Early developmental milestones in adult schizophrenia and other psychoses. A 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Schizophr. Res. 2001;52:1–19
  10. Isohanni M, Murray GK, Jokelainen J, Croudace T, Jones PB. The persistence of developmental markers in childhood and adolescence and risk for schizophrenic psychoses in adult life. A 34-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Schizophr. Res. 2004;71:213–225
  11. Jones PB, Tarrant CJ. Developmental precursors and biological markers for schizophrenia and affective disorders: specificity and public health implications. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2000;250:286–291
  12. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet. 1994;344:1398–1402
  13. Kelly Y, Sacker A, Schoon I, Nazroo J. Ethnic differences in achievement of developmental milestones by 9months of age: the Millennium Cohort Study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2006;48:825–830
  14. Manzardo AM, Penick EC, Knop J, Nickel EJ, Hall S, Jensen P, et al. Developmental differences in childhood motor coordination predict adult alcohol dependence: proposed role for the cerebellum in alcoholism. Alcohol., Clin. Exp. Res. 2005;29:353–357
  15. Messinger D, Fogel A. The interactive development of social smiling. Adv. Child Dev. Behav. 2007;35:327–366
  16. Mortensen EL, Sørensen HJ, Jensen HH, Reinisch JM, Mednick SA. IQ and mental disorder in young men. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2005;187:407–415
  17. Munk-Jørgensen P, Mortensen PB. The Danish Psychiatric Central Register. Dan. Med. Bull. 1997;44:82–84
  18. Murray RM. Neurodevelopmental schizophrenia: the rediscovery of dementia praecox. Br. J. Psychiatr., Suppl. 1994;25:6–12
  19. Murray GK, Jones PB, Moilanen K, Veijola J, Miettunen J, Cannon TD, et al. Infant motor development and adult cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2006;81:65–74
  20. Murray GK, Jones PB, Kuh D, Richards M. Infant developmental milestones and subsequent cognitive function. Ann. Neurol. 2007;62:109–111
  21. Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Schulsinger H, Mednick SA, Teasdale TW. Behavioral precursors of schizophrenia spectrum. A prospective study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39:658–664
  22. Parnas J, Cannon TD, Jacobsen B, Schulsinger H, Schulsinger F, Mednick SA. Lifetime DSM-III-R diagnostic outcomes in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. Results from the Copenhagen High-Risk Study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1993;50:707–714
  23. Reinisch JM, Rosenblum LA, Rubin DB, Schulsinger MF. Sex differences in developmental milestones during the first year of life. J. Psychol. Human Sex. 1991;4:19–36
  24. Ridler K, Veijola JM, Tanskanen P, Miettunen J, Chitnis X, Suckling J, et al. Fronto-cerebellar systems are associated with infant motor and adult executive functions in healthy adults but not in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006;103:15651–15656
  25. Rosso IM, Bearden CE, Hollister JM, Gasperoni TL, Sanchez LE, Hadley T, et al. Childhood neuromotor dysfunction in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: a prospective cohort study. Schizophr. Bull. 2000;26:367–378
  26. Schafer JL. Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. London: Chapman & Hall; 1999;
  27. Schiffman J, Walker E, Ekstrom M, Schulsinger F, Sorensen H, Mednick S. Childhood videotaped social and neuromotor precursors of schizophrenia: a prospective investigation. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2004;161:2021–2027
  28. Stalberg K, Haglund B, Axelsson O, Cnattingius S, Hultman CM, Kieler H. Prenatal ultrasound scanning and the risk of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Epidemiology. 2007;18:577–582
  29. Taanila A, Murray GK, Jokelainen J, Isohanni M, Rantakallio P. Infant developmental milestones: a 31-year follow-up. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 2005;47:581–586
  30. van Os J, Jones P, Lewis G, Wadsworth M, Murray R. Developmental precursors of affective illness in a general population birth cohort. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1997;54:625–631
  31. Villumsen AL. Environmental factors in congenital malformations: a prospective study of 9006 human pregnancies. Copenhagen: F.A.D.L.s Forlag; 1970;
  32. Walker E, Lewine RJ. Prediction of adult-onset schizophrenia from childhood home movies of the patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1990;147:1052–1056
  33. Weinberger DR, Marengo S. Schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder. In:  Hirsch SR,  Weinberger DR editor. Schizophrenia. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2003;p. 293–323
  34. Zachau-Christiansen B, Ross EM. Babies: human development during the first year. New York: John Wiley; 1975;

PII: S0920-9964(10)00082-4

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.029

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 118, Issue 1 , Pages 41-47 , May 2010