Schizophrenia Research
Volume 118, Issue 1 , Pages 76-80 , May 2010

Time-to-pregnancy and risk of schizophrenia

  • Mark G.A. Opler

      Affiliations

    • New York University School of Medicine, InSPIRES-Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States
    • Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Dept of Psychiatry, NYU Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
  • ,
  • Susan Harlap

      Affiliations

    • New York University School of Medicine, InSPIRES-Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States
    • New York University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York, NY, United States
    • New York University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, United States
  • ,
  • Katherine Ornstein

      Affiliations

    • Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, New York, NY, United States
  • ,
  • Karine Kleinhaus

      Affiliations

    • New York University School of Medicine, InSPIRES-Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States
    • New York University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York, NY, United States
    • New York University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, United States
  • ,
  • Mary Perrin

      Affiliations

    • New York University School of Medicine, InSPIRES-Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States
    • New York University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York, NY, United States
  • ,
  • James E. Gangwisch

      Affiliations

    • Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States
  • ,
  • Pesach Lichtenberg

      Affiliations

    • Herzog Hospital and Hadassah Medical School of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
  • ,
  • Benjamin Draiman

      Affiliations

    • Herzog Hospital and Hadassah Medical School of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
  • ,
  • Dolores Malaspina

      Affiliations

    • New York University School of Medicine, InSPIRES-Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States
    • Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States
    • New York University School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York, NY, United States

Received 8 September 2009 ,Revised 17 January 2010 ,Accepted 20 January 2010.

References 

  1. Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN. Origins and consequences of DNA damage in male germ cells. Reprod. Biomed. Online. 2007;14(6):727–733(Jun)
  2. Bazhenova MD, Kozlova SI, Al'tshuler BA, Tatishvili GG. Analysis of the relation of the frequency of new gene mutations for Mendelian diseases to parental age. Genetika. 1984;20(10):1726–1732
  3. Bertram L, Busch R, Spiegl M, Lautenschlager NT, Muller U, Kurz A. Paternal age is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease in the absence of a major gene. Neurogenetics. 1998;1(4):277–280
  4. Bhatia T, Franzos MA, Wood JA, Nimgaonkar VL, Deshpande SN. Gender and procreation among patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2004;68(2–3):387–394(1)
  5. Bolumar F, Olsen J, Boldsen J, et al. Smoking reduces fecundity: a European multicenter study on infertility and subfecundity. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1996;143:578–587
  6. Byrne M, Agerbo E, Ewald H, Eaton WW, Mortensen PB. Parental age and risk of schizophrenia: a case-control study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2003;60(7):673–678
  7. Crow JF. The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation. Nat. Rev., Genet. 2000;1(1):40–47
  8. Dalman C, Allbeck P. Paternal age and schizophrenia: further support for an association. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2002;159(9):1591–1592
  9. Davies AM, Prywes R, Tzur B, Weiskopf P, Sterk VV. The Jerusalem Perinatal Study. 1. Design and organization of a continuing, community-based, record linked survey. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 1969;5:1095–1106
  10. de Cock J, Westveer K, Heederick D, te Velde E, van Kooij R. Time to pregnancy and occupational exposure to pesticides in fruit growers in The Netherlands. Occup. Environ. Med. 1994;51:693–699
  11. Fletch A, Foley B. Parental age, genetic mutation, and cerebral palsy. J. Med. Genet. 1993;30(1):44–46
  12. Glaser RL, Broman KW, Schulman RL, Eskenazi B, Wyrobek AJ, Jabs EW. The paternal-age effect in Apert syndrome is due, in part, to the increased frequency of mutations in sperm. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003;73(4):939–947
  13. Harlap S, Davies AM, Grover NB, Prywes R. The Jerusalem Perinatal study: the first decade 1964–73. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 1977;13:1073–1091
  14. Harlap S, Paltiel O, Deutsch L, Knaanie A, Masalha S, Tiram E, et al. Paternal age and preeclampsia. Epidemiology. 2002;13(6):660–667
  15. Harlap S, Davies AM, Deutsch L, Calderon-Margalit R, Manor O, Paltiel O, et al. The Jerusalem Perinatal Study cohort, 1964–2005: methods and a review of the main results. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2007;21(3):256–273(May)
  16. Hutchinson G, Bhugra D, Mallett R, Burnett R, Corridan B, Leff J. Fertility and marital rates in first-onset schizophrenia. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 1999;34(12):617–621
  17. Joffe M. Time to pregnancy: a measure of reproductive function in either sex. Asclepios Project. Occup. Environ. Med. 1997;54(5):289–295
  18. Johanson E. A study of schizophrenia in the male: a psychiatric and social study based on 138 cases with follow up. Acta Psychiatr. Neurol. Scand. 1958;33(suppl 125):36–57
  19. Jones KL, Smith DW, Harvey MA, Hall BD, Quan L. Older paternal age and fresh gene mutation: data on additional disorders. J. Pediatr. 1975;86(1):84–88
  20. Kleinhaus K, Perrin M, Friedlander Y, Paltiel O, Malaspina D, Harlap S. Paternal Age and spontaneous abortion. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(2):369–377
  21. Lichtenberg P, Kaplan Z, Grinshpoon A, Feldman D, Nahon D. The goals and limitations of Israel's psychiatric case register. Psychiatr. Serv. 1999;50(8):1043–1048
  22. Lin DY, Wei LJ. The robust inference for the Cox proportional hazards model. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1989;84:1074–1078
  23. Malaspina D, Harlap S, Fennig S, Heiman D, Nahon D, Feldman D, et al. Advancing paternal age and the risk of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2001;58(4):361–367
  24. Meacham RB, Murray MJ. Urol. Clin. North Am. 1994;21(3):549–556(Aug)
  25. Nimgaonkar VL, Ward S, Agarde H, Weston N, Ganguli R. Fertility in schizophrenia: results from a contemporary US cohort. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1997;95(5):364–369
  26. Nybo Andersen AM, Hansen KD, Andersen PK, Davey Smith G. Advanced paternal age and risk of fetal death: a cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004;160(12):1214–1222
  27. Olshan AF, Schnitzer PG, Baird PA. Paternal age and the risk of congenital heart defects. Teratology. 1994;50(1):80–84
  28. Rolf C, Nieschlag E. Reproductive functions, fertility and genetic risks of ageing men. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 2001;109(2):68–74
  29. Sipos A, Rasmussen F, Harrison G, Tynelius P, Lewis G, Leon DA, et al. Paternal age and schizophrenia: a population based cohort study. BMJ. 2004;329(7474):1070
  30. Srinivasan TN, Padmavati R. Fertility and schizophrenia: evidence for increased fertility in the relatives of schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1997;96(4):260–264
  31. Torrey EF, Buka S, Cannon TD, Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Liu T, et al. Paternal age as a risk factor for schizophrenia: how important is it?. Schizophr. Res. 2009;114(1–3):1–5(Oct)
  32. Tsuchiya KJ, Takagai S, Kawai M, Matsumoto H, Nakamura K, Minabe Y, et al. Advanced paternal age associated with an elevated risk for schizophrenia in offspring in a Japanese population. Schizophr. Res. 2005;76(2–3):337–342
  33. Waddington JL, Youssef HA. Familial-genetic and reproductive epidemiology of schizophrenia in rural Ireland: age at onset, familial morbid risk and parental fertility. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1996;93(1):62–68
  34. Weiser M, Kanyas K, Malaspina D, Harvey PD, Glick I, Goetz D, et al. Sensitivity of ICD-10 diagnosis of psychotic disorders in the Israeli National Hospitalization Registry compared with RDC diagnoses based on SADS-L. Compr. Psychiatry. 2005;46(1):38–42
  35. Zammit S, Allebeck P, Dalman C, Lundberg I, Hemmingson T, Owen MJ, et al. Paternal age and risk for schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2003;183:405–408
  36. Zhu JL, Basso O, Obel C, Hvidtjørn D, Olsen J. Infertility, infertility treatment and psychomotor development: the Danish National Birth Cohort. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2009;23(2):98–106

PII: S0920-9964(10)00051-4

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.013

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 118, Issue 1 , Pages 76-80 , May 2010