Schizophrenia Research
Volume 118, Issue 1 , Pages 224-231 , May 2010

Neuroanatomic and cognitive abnormalities related to herpes simplex virus type 1 in schizophrenia

  • David J. Schretlen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
    • Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 218, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-7218, United States. Tel.: +1 410 614 6341; fax: +1 410 955 0504.
  • ,
  • Tracy D. Vannorsdall

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
  • ,
  • Jessica M. Winicki

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
  • ,
  • Yaser Mushtaq

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States
  • ,
  • Takatoshi Hikida

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
    • Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
  • ,
  • Akira Sawa

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
    • Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
  • ,
  • Robert H. Yolken

      Affiliations

    • Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
  • ,
  • Faith B. Dickerson

      Affiliations

    • Stanley Research Program, Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
  • ,
  • Nicola G. Cascella

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Received 29 August 2009 ,Revised 14 January 2010 ,Accepted 19 January 2010.

References 

  1. Aiello AE, Haan M, Blythe L, Moore K, Gonzalez JM, Jagust W. The influence of latent viral infection on rate of cognitive decline over 4 years. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2006;54(7):1046–1054
  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  3. Andreasen NC, Olsen S. Negative v positive schizophrenia. Definition and validation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39(7):789–794
  4. Ashburner J, Friston KJ. Voxel-based morphometry — the methods. Neuroimage. 2000;11(6 Pt 1):805–821
  5. Ashburner J, Friston KJ. Unified segmentation. Neuroimage. 2005;26(3):839–851
  6. Bayer TA, Falkai P, Maier W. Genetic and non-genetic vulnerability factors in schizophrenia: the basis of the “two hit hypothesis”. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1999;33(6):543–548
  7. Benedict HRB. Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc; 1997;
  8. Bergstrom T, Trybala E. Antigenic differences between HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoproteins and their importance for type-specific serology. Intervirology. 1996;39(3):176–184
  9. Brandt J, Benedict HRB. Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc; 2001;
  10. Cannon M, Clarke MC. Risk for schizophrenia—broadening the concepts, pushing back the boundaries. Schizophr. Res. 2005;79(1):5–13
  11. Chua SE, Cheung C, Cheung V, Tsang JT, Chen EY, Wong JC, et al. Cerebral grey, white matter and csf in never-medicated, first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2007;89(1–3):12–21
  12. Colchester A, Kingsley D, Lasserson D, Kendall B, Bello F, Rush C, et al. Structural MRI volumetric analysis in patients with organic amnesia, 1: methods and comparative findings across diagnostic groups. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2001;71(1):13–22
  13. Dickerson FB, Boronow JJ, Stallings C, Origoni AE, Ruslanova I, Yolken RH. Association of serum antibodies to herpes simplex virus 1 with cognitive deficits in individuals with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2003;60(5):466–472
  14. Dickerson FB, Boronow JJ, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, Yolken RH. Reduction of symptoms by valacyclovir in cytomegalovirus-seropositive individuals with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2003;160(12):2234–2236
  15. Dickerson FB, Boronow JJ, Stallings C, Origoni AE, Cole S, Krivogorsky B, et al. Infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 2004;55(6):588–593
  16. Dickerson FB, Stallings CR, Boronow JJ, Origoni AE, Sullens A, Yolken RH. Double blind trial of adjunctive valacyclovir in individuals with schizophrenia who are seropositive for cytomegalovirus. Schizophr. Res. 2009;107(2–3):147–149
  17. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders—Clinical Version (SCID-CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997;
  18. Gitelman DR, Ashburner J, Friston KJ, Tyler LK, Price CJ. Voxel-based morphometry of herpes simplex encephalitis. Neuroimage. 2001;13(4):623–631
  19. Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology. 1998;12(3):426–445
  20. Hokkanen L, Launes J. Cognitive outcome in acute sporadic encephalitis. Neuropsychol. Rev. 2000;10(3):151–167
  21. Hokkanen L, Launes J. Neuropsychological sequelae of acute-onset sporadic viral encephalitis. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 2007;17(4–5):450–477
  22. Honea R, Crow TJ, Passingham D, Mackay CE. Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162(12):2233–2245
  23. Jayakumar PN, Venkatasubramanian G, Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N, Keshavan MS. Optimized voxel-based morphometry of gray matter volume in first-episode, antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;29(4):587–591
  24. Kapur N, Barker S, Burrows EH, Ellison D, Brice J, Illis LS, et al. Herpes simplex encephalitis: long term magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological profile. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1994;57(11):1334–1342
  25. Laird AR, Fox PM, Price CJ, Glahn DC, Uecker AM, Lancaster JL, et al. ALE meta-analysis: controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2005;25(1):155–164
  26. Lancaster JL, Woldorff MG, Parsons LM, Liotti M, Freitas CS, Rainey L, et al. Automated Talairach atlas labels for functional brain mapping. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2000;10(3):120–131
  27. Lancaster JL, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Martinez M, Salinas F, Evans A, Zilles K, et al. Bias between MNI and Talairach coordinates analyzed using the ICBM-152 brain template. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2007;28(11):1194–1205
  28. Lui S, Deng W, Huang X, Jiang L, Ma X, Chen H, et al. Association of cerebral deficits with clinical symptoms in antipsychotic-naive first-episode schizophrenia: an optimized voxel-based morphometry and resting state functional connectivity study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2009;166(2):196–205
  29. Mane A, Falcon C, Mateos JJ, Fernandez-Egea E, Horga G, Lomena F, et al. Progressive gray matter changes in first episode schizophrenia: a 4-year longitudinal magnetic resonance study using VBM. Schizophr. Res. 2009;114(1–3):136–143
  30. Meisenzahl EM, Koutsouleris N, Bottlender R, Scheuerecker J, Jager M, Teipel SJ, et al. Structural brain alterations at different stages of schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometric study. Schizophr. Res. 2008;104(1–3):44–60
  31. Nelson HE. A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects. Cortex. 1976;11:918–932
  32. Pewter SM, Williams WH, Haslam C, Kay JM. Neuropsychological and psychiatric profiles in acute encephalitis in adults. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 2007;17(4–5):478–505
  33. Prasad KM, Shirts BH, Yolken RH, Keshavan MS, Nimgaonkar VL. Brain morphological changes associated with exposure to HSV1 in first-episode schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry. 2007;12(1):105–113101
  34. Reitan RM. Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Percept. Mot. Skills. 1958;8:271–276
  35. Schlitt M, Lakeman FD, Whitley RJ. Psychosis and herpes simplex encephalitis. South. Med. J. 1985;78(11):1347–1350
  36. Schretlen DJ. Brief Test of Attention professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc; 1997;
  37. Schretlen DJ, Cascella NG, Meyer SM, Kingery LR, Testa SM, Munro CA, et al. Neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 2007;62(2):179–186
  38. Schretlen DJ, Winicki JM, Meyer SM, Testa SM, Pearlson GD, Gordon B. Development, psychometric properties, and validity of the Hopkins Adult Reading Test (HART). Clin. Neuropsychol. 2009;23(6):926–943
  39. Shirts BH, Prasad KM, Pogue-Geile MF, Dickerson F, Yolken RH, Nimgaonkar VL. Antibodies to cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus 1 associated with cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2008;106(2–3):268–274
  40. Stern Y. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2002;8(3):448–460
  41. Tochigi M, Okazaki Y, Kato N, Sasaki T. What causes seasonality of birth in schizophrenia?. Neurosci. Res. 2004;48(1):1–11
  42. Torrey EF, Miller J, Rawlings R, Yolken RH. Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Schizophr. Res. 1997;28(1):1–38
  43. Utley TF, Ogden JA, Gibb A, McGrath N, Anderson NE. The long-term neuropsychological outcome of herpes simplex encephalitis in a series of unselected survivors. Neuropsychiatry. Neuropsychol. Behav. Neurol. 1997;10(3):180–189
  44. Venkatasubramanian G, Jayakumar PN, Gangadhar BN, Keshavan MS. Neuroanatomical correlates of neurological soft signs in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2008;164(3):215–222
  45. Yolken R. Viruses and schizophrenia: a focus on herpes simplex virus. Herpes. 2004;11(Suppl 2):83A–88A

PII: S0920-9964(10)00046-0

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.01.008

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 118, Issue 1 , Pages 224-231 , May 2010