Schizophrenia Research
Volume 117, Issue 1 , Pages 1-12 , March 2010

Anatomy of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: A meta-analysis

  • Ian Ellison-Wright

      Affiliations

    • Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
    • Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Salisbury, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. South Wiltshire CMHT, Fountain Way Hospital, Wilton Road, Salisbury SP2 7FD, UK.
    • ,
  • Ed Bullmore

      Affiliations

    • Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Received 17 October 2009 ,Revised 27 November 2009 ,Accepted 19 December 2009.

References 

  1. Adler CM, Levine AD, DelBello MP, Strakowski SM. Changes in gray matter volume in patients with bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;58:151–157
  2. Adler CM, DelBello MP, Jarvis K, Levine A, Adams J, Strakowski SM. Voxel-based study of structural changes in first-episode patients with bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 2007;61:776–781
  3. Almeida JR, Akkal D, Hassel S, Travis MJ, Banihashemi L, Kerr N, et al. Reduced gray matter volume in ventral prefrontal cortex but not amygdala in bipolar disorder: significant effects of gender and trait anxiety. Psychiatry Res. 2009;171:54–68
  4. Anand A, Li Y, Wang Y, Lowe MJ, Dzemidzic M. Resting state corticolimbic connectivity abnormalities in unmedicated bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. 2009;171:189–198
  5. Ananth H, Popescu I, Critchley HD, Good CD, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ. Cortical and subcortical gray matter abnormalities in schizophrenia determined through structural magnetic resonance imaging with optimized volumetric voxel-based morphometry. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2002;159:1497–1505
  6. Antonova E, Kumari V, Morris R, Halari R, Anilkumar A, Mehrotra R, et al. The relationship of structural alterations to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometry study. Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;58:457–467
  7. Arnone D, Cavanagh J, Gerber D, Lawrie SM, Ebmeier KP, McIntosh AM. Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2009;195:194–201
  8. Ashburner J, Friston KJ. Voxel-based morphometry — the methods. Neuroimage. 2000;11:805–821
  9. Assaf M, Rivkin PR, Kuzu CH, Calhoun VD, Kraut MA, Groth KM, et al. Abnormal object recall and anterior cingulate overactivation correlate with formal thought disorder in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 2006;59:452–459
  10. Atmaca M, Ozdemir H, Cetinkaya S, Parmaksiz S, Belli H, Poyraz AK, et al. Cingulate gyrus volumetry in drug free bipolar patients and patients treated with valproate or valproate and quetiapine. J. Psychiatr Res. 2007;41:821–827
  11. Baiano M, David A, Versace A, Churchill R, Balestrieri M, Brambilla P. Anterior cingulate volumes in schizophrenia: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of MRI studies. Schizophr. Res. 2007;93:1–12
  12. Bassett DS, Bullmore ET. Human brain networks in health and disease. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2009;22:340–347
  13. Bassitt DP, Neto MR, de Castro CC, Busatto GF. Insight and regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2007;257:58–62
  14. Bearden CE, Thompson PM, Dalwani M, Hayashi KM, Lee AD, Nicoletti M, et al. Greater cortical gray matter density in lithium-treated patients with bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 2007;62:7–16
  15. Beckmann M, Johansen-Berg H, Rushworth MF. Connectivity-based parcellation of human cingulate cortex and its relation to functional specialization. J. Neurosci. 2009;29:1175–1190
  16. Brooks JO, Wang PW, Bonner JC, Rosen AC, Hoblyn JC, Hill SJ, et al. Decreased prefrontal, anterior cingulate, insula, and ventral striatal metabolism in medication-free depressed outpatients with bipolar disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2009;43:181–188
  17. Bruno SD, Barker GJ, Cercignani M, Symms M, Ron MA. A study of bipolar disorder using magnetization transfer imaging and voxel-based morphometry. Brain. 2004;127:2433–2440
  18. Buchanan RW, Francis A, Arango C, Miller K, Lefkowitz DM, McMahon RP, et al. Morphometric assessment of the heteromodal association cortex in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2004;161:322–331
  19. Chakos MH, Lieberman JA, Bilder RM, Borenstein M, Lerner G, Bogerts B, et al. Increase in caudate nuclei volumes of first-episode schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1994;151:1430–1436
  20. Chan RC, Di X, McAlonan GM, Gong QY. Brain anatomical abnormalities in high-risk individuals, first-episode, and chronic schizophrenia: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of illness progression. Schizophr. Bull. 2009;Jul 24 [Electronic publication ahead of print]
  21. Chen X, Wen W, Malhi GS, Ivanovski B, Sachdev PS. Regional gray matter changes in bipolar disorder: a voxel-based morphometric study. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 2007;41:327–336
  22. Chiu S, Widjaja F, Bates ME, Voelbel GT, Pandina G, Marble J, et al. Anterior cingulate volume in pediatric bipolar disorder and autism. J. Affect. Disord. 2008;105:93–99
  23. Chua SE, Cheung C, Cheung V, Tsang JT, Chen EY, Wong JC, et al. Cerebral grey, white matter and CSF in never-medicated, first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2007;89:12–21
  24. Cooke MA, Fannon D, Kuipers E, Peters E, Williams SC, Kumari V. Neurological basis of poor insight in psychosis: a voxel-based MRI study. Schizophr. Res. 2008;103:40–51
  25. Cooper H, Hedges LV. The Handbook of Research Synthesis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 1994;
  26. Dickstein DP, Milham MP, Nugent AC, Drevets WC, Charney DS, Pine DS, et al. Frontotemporal alterations in pediatric bipolar disorder: results of a voxel-based morphometry study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2005;62:734–741
  27. Doris A, Belton E, Ebmeier KP, Glabus MF, Marshall I. Reduction of cingulate gray matter density in poor outcome bipolar illness. Psychiatry Res. 2004;130:153–159
  28. Douaud G, Smith S, Jenkinson M, Behrens T, Johansen-Berg H, Vickers J, et al. Anatomically related grey and white matter abnormalities in adolescent-onset schizophrenia. Brain. 2007;130:2375–2386
  29. Drevets WC, Savitz J, Trimble M. The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in mood disorders. CNS Spectr. 2008;13:663–681
  30. Egger M, Schneider M, Davey Smith G. Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies. B.M.J. 1998;316:140–144
  31. Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, Grefkes C, Wang LE, Zilles K, Fox PT. Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: a random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2009;30:2907–2926
  32. Ellison-Wright I, Glahn DC, Laird AR, Thelen SM, Bullmore E. The anatomy of first-episode and chronic schizophrenia: an anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2008;165:1015–1023
  33. Ellison-Wright I, Ellison-Wright Z, Bullmore E. Structural brain change in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder identified by meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8:51
  34. Ellison-Wright I, Bullmore E. Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2009;108:3–10
  35. Farrow TF, Whitford TJ, Williams LM, Gomes L, Harris AW. Diagnosis-related regional gray matter loss over two years in first episode schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;58:713–723
  36. Fischer BA, Carpenter WT. Will the Kraepelinian dichotomy survive DSM-V?. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34:2081–2087
  37. Fornito A, Yücel M, Patti J, Wood SJ, Pantelis C. Mapping grey matter reductions in schizophrenia: an anatomical likelihood estimation analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Schizophr. Res. 2009;108:104–113
  38. Fornito A, Yücel M, Wood SJ, Bechdolf A, Carter S, Adamson C, et al. Anterior cingulate cortex abnormalities associated with a first psychotic episode in bipolar disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2009;194:426–433
  39. García-Martí G, Aguilar EJ, Lull JJ, Martí-Bonmatí L, Escartí MJ, Manjón JV, et al. Schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations: a voxel-based morphometry study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry. 2008;32:72–80
  40. Giuliani NR, Calhoun VD, Pearlson GD, Francis A, Buchanan RW. Voxel-based morphometry versus region of interest: a comparison of two methods for analyzing gray matter differences in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2005;74:135–147
  41. Glahn DC, Laird AR, Ellison-Wright I, Thelen SM, Robinson JL, Lancaster JL, et al. Meta-analysis of gray matter anomalies in schizophrenia: application of anatomic likelihood estimation and network analysis. Biol. Psychiatry. 2008;May 15
  42. Goghari VM, Sponheim SR, Macdonald AW. The functional neuroanatomy of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia: a qualitative and quantitative review of a persistent question. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2010;34:468–486
  43. Gruber SA, Rogowska J, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Decreased activation of the anterior cingulate in bipolar patients: an fMRI study. J. Affect. Disord. 2004;82:191–201
  44. Gur RE, Keshavan MS, Lawrie SM. Deconstructing psychosis with human brain imaging. Schizophr. Bull. 2007;33:921–931
  45. Ha TH, Youn T, Ha KS, Rho KS, Lee JM, Kim IY, et al. Gray matter abnormalities in paranoid schizophrenia and their clinical correlations. Psychiatry Res. 2004;132:251–260
  46. Ha TH, Ha K, Kim JH, Choi JE. Regional brain gray matter abnormalities in patients with bipolar II disorder: a comparison study with bipolar I patients and healthy controls. Neurosci. Lett. 2009;456:44–48
  47. Hajek T, Kopecek M, Kozeny J, Gunde E, Alda M, Höschl C. Amygdala volumes in mood disorders — meta-analysis of magnetic resonance volumetry studies. J. Affect. Disord. 2009;115:395–410
  48. Harrison PJ. The neuropathology of primary mood disorder. Brain. 2002;125:1428–1449
  49. Hayward G, Mehta MA, Harmer C, Spinks TJ, Grasby PM, Goodwin GM. Exploring the physiological effects of double-cone coil TMS over the medial frontal cortex on the anterior cingulate cortex: an H2(15)O PET study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2007;25:2224–2233
  50. Hirao K, Miyata J, Fujiwara H, Yamada M, Namiki C, Shimizu M, et al. Theory of mind and frontal lobe pathology in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometry study. Schizophr. Res. 2008;105:165–174
  51. Hirayasu Y, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Kwon JS, Wible CG, Fischer IA, et al. Subgenual cingulate cortex volume in first-episode psychosis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1091–1093
  52. Honea RA, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Hobbs KB, Pezawas L, Mattay VS, Egan MF, et al. Is gray matter volume an intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia?. A voxel-based morphometry study of patients with schizophrenia and their healthy siblings. Biol. Psychiatry. 2008;63:465–474
  53. Horn H, Federspiel A, Wirth M, Müller TJ, Wiest R, Wang JJ, et al. Structural and metabolic changes in language areas linked to formal thought disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2009;194:130–138
  54. Hugdahl K, Løberg EM, Nygård M. Left temporal lobe structural and functional abnormality underlying auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Front. Neurosci. 2009;3:34–45
  55. Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Mandl RC, van Haren NE, Koning H, Collins DL, et al. Focal gray matter density changes in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2001;58:1118–1125
  56. Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O'Donovan MC, Sullivan PF, et al. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature. 2009;460:748–752
  57. Janssen J, Reig S, Parellada M, Moreno D, Graell M, Fraguas D, et al. Regional gray matter volume deficits in adolescents with first-episode psychosis. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 2008;47:1311–1320
  58. Javadapour A, Malhi GS, Ivanovski B, Chen X, Wen W, Sachdev P. Increased anterior cingulate cortex volume in bipolar I disorder. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 2007;41:910–916
  59. Jayakumar PN, Venkatasubramanian G, Gangadhar BN, Janakiramaiah N, Keshavan MS. Optimized voxel-based morphometry of gray matter volume in first-episode, antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;29:587–591
  60. Job DE, Whalley HC, McConnell S, Glabus M, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM. Structural gray matter differences between first-episode schizophrenics and normal controls using voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage. 2002;17:880–889
  61. Johansen-Berg H, Gutman DA, Behrens TE, Matthews PM, Rushworth MF, Katz E, et al. Anatomical connectivity of the subgenual cingulate region targeted with deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Cereb. Cortex. 2008;18:1374–1383
  62. Kalmar JH, Wang F, Spencer L, Edmiston E, Lacadie CM, Martin A, et al. Preliminary evidence for progressive prefrontal abnormalities in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2009;15:476–481
  63. Kasparek T, Prikryl R, Mikl M, Schwarz D, Ceskova E, Krupa P. Prefrontal but not temporal grey matter changes in males with first-episode schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry. 2007;31:151–157
  64. Kaur S, Sassi RB, Axelson D, Nicoletti M, Brambilla P, Monkul ES, et al. Cingulate cortex anatomical abnormalities in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162:1637–1643
  65. Kawasaki Y, Suzuki M, Kherif F, Takahashi T, Zhou SY, Nakamura K, et al. Multivariate voxel-based morphometry successfully differentiates schizophrenia patients from healthy controls. Neuroimage. 2007;34:235–242
  66. Kempton MJ, Geddes JR, Ettinger U, Williams SC, Grasby PM. Meta-analysis, database, and meta-regression of 98 structural imaging studies in bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2008;65:1017–1032
  67. Konarski JZ, McIntyre RS, Kennedy SH, Rafi-Tari S, Soczynska JK, Ketter TA. Volumetric neuroimaging investigations in mood disorders: bipolar disorder versus major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10:1–37
  68. Konick LC, Friedman L. Meta-analysis of thalamic size in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 2001;49:28–38
  69. Koo MS, Levitt JJ, Salisbury DF, Nakamura M, Shenton ME, McCarley RW. A cross-sectional and longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of cingulate gyrus gray matter volume abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode affective psychosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2008;65:746–760
  70. Koutsouleris N, Gaser C, Jäger M, Bottlender R, Frodl T, Holzinger S, et al. Structural correlates of psychopathological symptom dimensions in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroimage. 2008;39:1600–1612
  71. Kubicki M, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Hirayasu Y, Kasai K, Kikinis R, et al. Voxel-based morphometric analysis of gray matter in first episode schizophrenia. Neuroimage. 2002;17:1711–1719
  72. Laird AR, Fox PM, Price CJ, Glahn DC, Uecker AM, Lancaster JL, et al. ALE meta-analysis: controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2005;25:155–164
  73. Lawrie SM, Abukmeil SS. Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. A systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1998;172:110–120
  74. Lennox BR, Jacob R, Calder AJ, Lupson V, Bullmore ET. Behavioural and neurocognitive responses to sad facial affect are attenuated in patients with mania. Psychol. Med. 2004;34:795–802
  75. Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Wise LH, DeLisi LE, Straub RE, Hovatta I, et al. Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part II: schizophrenia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003;73:34–48
  76. Levinson DF, Levinson MD, Segurado R, Lewis CM. Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part I: methods and power analysis. Am J Hum. Genet. 2003;73:17–33
  77. Lichtenstein P, Yip BH, Björk C, Pawitan Y, Cannon TD, Sullivan PF, et al. Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet. 2009;373:234–239
  78. Lochhead RA, Parsey RV, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ. Regional brain gray matter volume differences in patients with bipolar disorder as assessed by optimized voxel-based morphometry. Biol. Psychiatry. 2004;55:1154–1162
  79. Lui S, Deng W, Huang X, Jiang L, Ouyang L, Borgwardt SJ, et al. Neuroanatomical differences between familial and sporadic schizophrenia and their parents: an optimized voxel-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Res. 2009;171:71–81
  80. Lyoo IK, Kim MJ, Stoll AL, Demopulos CM, Parow AM, Dager SR, et al. Frontal lobe gray matter density decreases in bipolar I disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 2004;55:648–651
  81. Lyoo IK, Sung YH, Dager SR, Friedman SD, Lee JY, Kim SJ, et al. Regional cerebral cortical thinning in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8:65–74
  82. Marcelis M, Suckling J, Woodruff P, Hofman P, Bullmore E, van Os J. Searching for a structural endophenotype in psychosis using computational morphometry. Psychiatry Res. 2003;122:3–67
  83. Martí-Bonmatí L, Lull JJ, García-Martí G, Aguilar EJ, Moratal-Pérez D, Poyatos C, et al. Chronic auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic patients: MR analysis of the coincidence between functional and morphologic abnormalities. Radiology. 2007;244:549–556
  84. Matsuo K, Walss-Bass C, Nery FG, Nicoletti MA, Hatch JP, Frey BN, et al. Neuronal correlates of brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and morphometric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34:04–13
  85. McDonald C, Zanelli J, Rabe-Hesketh S, Ellison-Wright I, Sham P, Kalidindi S, et al. Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging brain morphometry studies in bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 2004;56:411–417
  86. McDonald C, Bullmore ET, Sham PC, Chitnis X, Wickham H, Bramon E, et al. Association of genetic risks for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with specific and generic brain structural endophenotypes. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2004;61:974–984
  87. McDonald C, Bullmore E, Sham P, Chitnis X, Suckling J, MacCabe J, et al. Regional volume deviations of brain structure in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder: computational morphometry study. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2005;186:369–377
  88. McIntosh AM, Job DE, Moorhead TW, Harrison LK, Forrester K, Lawrie SM, et al. Voxel-based morphometry of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. Biol. Psychiatry. 2004;56:44–52
  89. Meda SA, Giuliani NR, Calhoun VD, Jagannathan K, Schretlen DJ, Pulver A, et al. A large scale (N=400) investigation of gray matter differences in schizophrenia using optimized voxel-based morphometry. Schizophr. Res. 2008;101:95–105
  90. Mesulam M-M. Patterns in behavioral neuroanatomy: association areas, the limbic system, and hemispheric specialization. In:  Mesulam M-M editors. Principles of Behavioral Neurology. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 1985;p. 1–70
  91. Monkul ES, Malhi GS, Soares JC. Anatomical MRI abnormalities in bipolar disorder: do they exist and do they progress?. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 2005;39:222–226
  92. Moorhead TW, Job DE, Whalley HC, Sanderson TL, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM. Voxel-based morphometry of comorbid schizophrenia and learning disability: analyses in normalized and native spaces using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. Neuroimage. 2004;22:188–202
  93. Moskvina V, Craddock N, Holmans P, Nikolov I, Pahwa JS, Green E, et al. Gene-wide analyses of genome-wide association data sets: evidence for multiple common risk alleles for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and for overlap in genetic risk. Mol. Psychiatry. 2009;14:252–260
  94. Neckelmann G, Specht K, Lund A, Ersland L, Smievoll AI, Neckelmann D, et al. Mr morphometry analysis of grey matter volume reduction in schizophrenia: association with hallucinations. Int. J. Neurosci. 2006;116:9–23
  95. Noga JT, Aylward E, Barta PE, Pearlson GD. Cingulate gyrus in schizophrenic patients and normal volunteers. Psychiatry Res. 1995;61:201–208
  96. Nugent AC, Milham MP, Bain EE, Mah L, Cannon DM, Marrett S, et al. Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder investigated with MRI and voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage. 2006;30:485–497
  97. Ohnishi T, Hashimoto R, Mori T, Nemoto K, Moriguchi Y, Iida H, et al. The association between the Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyl transferase gene and morphological abnormalities of the brain in chronic schizophrenia. Brain. 2006;129:399–410
  98. Paillère-Martinot M, Caclin A, Artiges E, Poline JB, Joliot M, Mallet L, et al. Cerebral gray and white matter reductions and clinical correlates in patients with early onset schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2001;50:19–26
  99. Paus T, Barrett J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the human frontal cortex: implications for repetitive TMS treatment of depression. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2004;29:268–279
  100. Radua J, Mataix-Cols D. Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Br. J Psychiatry. 2009;195:393–402
  101. Rorden C, Karnath HO, Bonilha L. Improving lesion-symptom mapping. J Cogn. Neurosci. 2007;19:1081–1088
  102. Salgado-Pineda P, Baeza I, Perez-Gomez M, Vendrell P, Junque C, Bargallo N, et al. Sustained attention impairment correlates to gray matter decreases in first episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. Neuroimage. 2003;19:365–375
  103. Salgado-Pineda P, Junque C, Vendrell P, Baeza I, Bargallo N, Falcon C, et al. Decreased cerebral activation during CPT performance: structural and functional deficits in schizophrenic patients. Neuroimage. 2004;21:840–847
  104. Sassi RB, Brambilla P, Hatch JP, Nicoletti MA, Mallinger AG, Frank E, et al. Reduced left anterior cingulate volumes in untreated bipolar patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 2004;56:467–475
  105. Schaufelberger MS, Duran FL, Lappin JM, Scazufca M, Amaro E, Leite CC, et al. Grey matter abnormalities in Brazilians with first-episode psychosis. Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl. 2007;51:s117–s122
  106. Segall JM, Turner JA, van, Erp TG, White T, Bockholt HJ, Gollub RL, et al. Voxel-based morphometric multisite collaborative study on schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2009;35:82–95
  107. Sehlmeyer C, Schöning S, Zwitserlood P, Pfleiderer B, Kircher T, Arolt V, et al. Human fear conditioning and extinction in neuroimaging: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2009;4:e5865
  108. Shapleske J, Rossell SL, Chitnis XA, Suckling J, Simmons A, Bullmore ET, et al. A computational morphometric MRI study of schizophrenia: effects of hallucinations. Cereb. Cortex. 2002;12:1331–1341
  109. Shenton ME, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Pollak SD, LeMay M, Wible CG, et al. Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia, a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992;327:604–612
  110. Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Frumin M, McCarley RW. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2001;49:1–52
  111. Shirtcliff EA, Vitacco MJ, Graf AR, Gostisha AJ, Merz JL, Zahn-Waxler C. Neurobiology of empathy and callousness: implications for the development of antisocial behavior. Behav. Sc.i Law. 2009;27:137–171
  112. Shrier I, Boivin JF, Steele RJ, Platt RW, Furlan A, Kakuma R, et al. Should meta-analyses of interventions include observational studies in addition to randomized controlled trials? A critical examination of underlying principles. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007;166:1203–1209
  113. Sigmundsson T, Suckling J, Maier M, Williams S, Bullmore E, Greenwood K, et al. Structural abnormalities in frontal, temporal, and limbic regions and interconnecting white matter tracts in schizophrenic patients with prominent negative symptoms. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:234–243
  114. Spence SA, Brooks DJ, Hirsch SR, Liddle PF, Meehan J, Grasby PM. A PET study of voluntary movement in schizophrenic patients experiencing passivity phenomena (delusions of alien control). Brain. 1997;120:1997–2011
  115. Stanfield AC, Moorhead TW, Job DE, McKirdy J, Sussmann JE, Hall J, et al. Structural abnormalities of ventrolateral and orbitofrontal cortex in patients with familial bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2009;11:135–144
  116. Strakowski SM, Delbello MP, Adler CM. The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a review of neuroimaging findings. Mol. Psychiatry. 2005;10:105–116
  117. Suzuki M, Nohara S, Hagino H, Kurokawa K, Yotsutsuji T, Kawasaki Y, et al. Regional changes in brain gray and white matter in patients with schizophrenia demonstrated with voxel-based analysis of MRI. Schizophr. Res. 2002;55:41–54
  118. Talairach J, Tournoux P. Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain: 3-Dimensional Proportional System — an Approach to Cerebral Imaging. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1988;
  119. Tregellas JR, Shatti S, Tanabe JL, Martin LF, Gibson L, Wylie K, et al. Gray matter volume differences and the effects of smoking on gray matter in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2007;97:242–249
  120. van der Schot AC, Vonk R, Brans RG, van Haren NE, Koolschijn PC, Nuboer V, et al. Influence of genes and environment on brain volumes in twin pairs concordant and discordant for bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2009;66:142–151
  121. Van Snellenberg JX, de Candia T. Meta-analytic evidence for familial coaggregation of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2009;66:748–755
  122. Verhoeven KJF, Simonsen KL, McIntyre LM. Implementing false discovery rate control: increasing your power. Oikos. 2005;108:643–647
  123. Wang F, Jackowski M, Kalmar JH, Chepenik LG, Tie K, Qiu M, et al. Abnormal anterior cingulum integrity in bipolar disorder determined through diffusion tensor imaging. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2008;193:126–129
  124. Wang F, Kalmar JH, He Y, Jackowski M, Chepenik LG, Edmiston EE, et al. Functional and structural connectivity between the perigenual anterior cingulate and amygdala in bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 2009;66:516–521
  125. Whitford TJ, Farrow TF, Gomes L, Brennan J, Harris AW, Williams LM. Grey matter deficits and symptom profile in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2005;139:229–238
  126. Wilke M, Kaufmann C, Grabner A, Putz B, Wetter TC, Auer DP. Gray matter-changes and correlates of disease severity in schizophrenia: a statistical parametric mapping study. Neuroimage. 2001;13:814–824
  127. Wilke M, Kowatch RA, DelBello MP, Mills NP, Holland SK. Voxel-based morphometry in adolescents with bipolar disorder: first results. Psychiatry Res. 2004;131:57–69
  128. Wise LH, Lanchbury JS, Lewis CM. Meta-analysis of genome searches. Ann. Hum. Genet. 1999;63:263–272
  129. Wolf RC, Höse A, Frasch K, Walter H, Vasic N. Volumetric abnormalities associated with cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Eur. Psychiatry. 2008;23:541–548
  130. Wright IC, Ellison ZR, Sharma T, Friston KJ, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Mapping of grey matter changes in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1999;35:1–14
  131. Wright IC, McGuire PK, Poline JB, Travere JM, Murray RM, Frith CD, et al. A voxel-based method for the statistical analysis of gray and white matter density applied to schizophrenia. Neuroimage. 1995;2:244–252
  132. Wright IC, Rabe-Hesketh S, Woodruff PWR, David AS, Murray RM, Bullmore ET. Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:16–25
  133. Yamada M, Hirao K, Namiki C, Hanakawa T, Fukuyama H, Hayashi T, et al. Social cognition and frontal lobe pathology in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroimage. 2007;35:292–298
  134. Yatham LN, Lyoo IK, Liddle P, Renshaw PF, Wan D, Lam RW, et al. A magnetic resonance imaging study of mood stabilizer- and neuroleptic-naïve first-episode mania. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9:693–697
  135. Yoshihara Y, Sugihara G, Matsumoto H, Suckling J, Nishimura K, Toyoda T, et al. Voxel-based structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of patients with early onset schizophrenia. Ann. Gen. Psychiatry. 2008;7:25
  136. Zimmerman ME, DelBello MP, Getz GE, Shear PK, Strakowski SM. Anterior cingulate subregion volumes and executive function in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8:281–288

PII: S0920-9964(09)00613-6

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.022

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 117, Issue 1 , Pages 1-12 , March 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution