Schizophrenia Research
Volume 120, Issue 1 , Pages 113-120 , July 2010

Avoidant personality disorder symptoms in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients predict performance on neurocognitive measures: The UCLA family study

  • D.L. Fogelson

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Rm. 2240, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. 2730 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 325, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USA. Tel.: +1 310 828 5015; fax: +1 310 829 3877.
    • ,
  • R.A. Asarnow

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Rm. 2240, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA
    • Department of Psychology, UCLA, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics and Dept of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond VA 23298, USA
    • ,
  • C.A. Sugar

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biostatistics, UCLA School of Public Health, CHS 51-236C, Department of Biostatistics, UCLA School of Public Health, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
    • ,
  • K.L. Subotnik

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Rm. 2240, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA
    • ,
  • K.C. Jacobson

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC 3077, Room L-461, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
    • ,
  • M.C. Neale

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
    • ,
  • K.S. Kendler

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
    • ,
  • H. Kuppinger

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Rm. 2240, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA
    • ,
  • K.H. Nuechterlein

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Rm. 2240, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA
    • Department of Psychology, UCLA, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics and Dept of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980126, Richmond VA 23298, USA

Received 18 May 2009 ,Revised 2 December 2009 ,Accepted 4 December 2009.

References 

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R). Third-Revised ed.. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987;
  2. Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Winokur G. The family history method using diagnostic criteria: reliability and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1977;34(10):1229–1235
  3. Asarnow RF, MacCrimmon DJ. Span of apprehension deficits during the post-psychotic stages of schizophrenia: a replication and extension. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1981;38:1006–1011
  4. Asarnow RF, Granholm EL, Sherman T. Span of apprehension in schizophrenia. In:  Steinhauer SR,  Gruzelier JH,  Zubin J editor. Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology and Information Processing. Vol. 5:Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991;p. 335–370
  5. Asarnow RF, Nuechterlein KH, Fogelson DL, Subotnik KL, Payne DA, Russell AT, et al. Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders in the first-degree relatives of children with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001;58:581–588
  6. Bergman AJ, Harvey PD, Mitropoulou V, Aronson A, Marder D, Silverman J, et al. The factor structure of schizotypal symptoms in a clinical population. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1996;22:501–509
  7. Braff D. Information processing and attention dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1993;19:233–259
  8. Fogelson DL, Nuechterlein KH, Asarnow RF, Subotnik KL, Talovic SA. Interrater reliability of the structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R, Axis II: schizophrenia spectrum and affective spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Research. 1991;39:55–63
  9. Fogelson DL, Nuechterlein KH, Asarnow RF, Payne DL, Subotnik KL, Giannini CA. The factor structure of schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders: signs and symptoms in relatives of psychotic patients from the UCLA family members study. Psychiatry Research. 1999;87:137–146
  10. Fogelson DL, Nuechterlein KH, Asarnow RF, Payne DL, Subotnik KL. Validity of the family history method for diagnosing schizophrenia, schizophrenia-related psychoses, and schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia probands. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;68(2–3):309–317
  11. Fogelson DL, Nuechterlein KH, Asarnow RA, Payne DL, Subotnik KL, Jacobson KC, et al. Avoidant personality disorder is a separable schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder even when controlling for the presence of paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders. The UCLA family study Schizophrenia Research. 2007;91:192–199
  12. Gershon, E.S. (1985). Relative psychiatric history (RPH) symptom checklist interview.Unpublished manuscript, Bethesda, MD.
  13. Greenwood TA, Braff DL, Light GA, Cadenhead KS, Calkins ME, Dobie DJ, et al. Initial heritability analyses of endophenotypic measures for schizophrenia the consortium on the genetics of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007;64(11):1242–1250
  14. Kendler KS, Diehl SR. The genetics of schizophrenia: a current, genetic epidemiologic perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1993;19:261–284
  15. Kendler KS, Lieberman JA, Walsh D. The structured interview for schizotypy (SIS): a preliminary report. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1989;15(4):559–571
  16. Kendler KS, McGuire M, Gruenberg AM, Walsh D. Schizotypal symptoms and signs in the Roscommon Family Study: t heir factor structure and familial relationship with psychotic and affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995;52:296–303
  17. Kremen WS, Seidman LJ, Pepple JR, Lyons MJ, Tsuang MT, Faraone SV. Neuropsychological risk indicators for schizophrenia: a review of family studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1994;20:103–119
  18. Littell R, Milliken G, Stroup W, Wolfinger R. SAS System For Mixed Models. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.; 1996;
  19. Nuechterlein KH. Vigilance in schizophrenia and related disorders. In:  Steinhauer SR,  Gruzelier JH,  Zubin J editor. Handbook of Schizophrenia, Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology and Information Processing. Vol. 5:Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991;p. 397–433
  20. Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME. Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of schizophrenia disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1984;10:160–203
  21. Nuechterlein KH, Parasuraman R, Jiang Q. Visual sustained attention: image degradation produces rapid sensitivity decrement over time. Science. 1983;220:327–329
  22. Nuechterlein KH, Edell WS, Norris M, Dawson ME. Attentional vulnerability indicators, thought disorder, and negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1986;12:408–426
  23. Nuechterlein KH, Dawson ME, Gitlin M, Ventura J, Goldstein MJ, Snyder KS, et al. Developmental processes in schizophrenic disorders: longitudinal studies of vulnerability and stress. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1992;18(3):387–425
  24. Nuechterlein K, Asarnow R, Subotnik K, Fogelson D, Ventura J, Torquato R, et al. Neurocognitive vulnerability factors for schizophrenia: convergence across genetic risk studies and longitudinal trait/state studies. In:  Dworkin R editors. Origins and development of schizophrenia: Advances in experimental psychopathology. Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association; 1998;p. 299–327
  25. Nuechterlein KH, Asarnow RF, Subotnik KL, Fogelson DL, Ventura J, Torquato R, et al. Neurocognitive vulnerability factors for schizophrenia: convergence across genetic risk studies and longitudinal trait/state studies. In:  Lenzenweger MF,  Dworkin RH editor. Origins and Development of Schizophrenia: Advances in Experimental Psychopathology. Washington, D C: American Psychological Association; 1998;p. 299–327
  26. Nuechterlein KH, Asarnow RF, Subotnik KL, Fogelson DL, Payne DL, Kendler KS, et al. The structure of schizotypy: relationships between neurocognitive and personality disorder features in relatives of schizophrenic patients in the UCLA Family Study. Schizophrenia Research. 2002;54(1–2):121–130
  27. Regier DA, Myers JK, Kramer M, Robins LN, Blazer DG, Hough RL, et al. The NIMH epidemiological catchment area program. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1984;41:934–941
  28. Reitan RM. Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1958;8:271–276
  29. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Croughan J, Ratcliff KS. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1981;38:381–389
  30. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Weissman MM, Orvaschel H, Gruenberg E, J.D.B. , et al. Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41:949–958
  31. Roy MA, Walsh D, Kendler KS. Accuracies and inaccuracies of the family history method: A multivariate approach. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996;93:224–234
  32. Siever LJ, Keefe RSE, Bernstein DP, Coccaro EF, Klar HM, Zemishlany Z, et al. Eye tracking impairment in clinically identified patients with schizotypal personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;147(6):740–745
  33. Siever LJ, Friedman L, Moskowitz J, Mitropoulou V, Keefe RSE, Roitman SL, et al. Eye movement impairment and schizotypal psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;151(8):1209–1215
  34. Snitz BE, MacDonald AW, Carter CS. Cognitive deficits in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analytic review of putative endophenotypes. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2006;32(1):179–194
  35. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E. Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1978;35:773–782
  36. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First M. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R—Personality Disorders (SCID-II, Version 1.0). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990;
  37. Thaker GK, Ross DE, Cassady SL, Adami HM, Medoff DR, J., S. . Saccadic eye movement abnormalities in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1999;45:235–244
  38. Toulopoulou T, Picchioni M, Rijsdijk F, Hua-Hall M, Ettinger U, Sham P, et al. Substantial genetic overlap between neurocognition and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007;64(12):1348–1355
  39. Vollema MG, Postma B. Neurocognitive correlates of schizotypy in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2002;28(3):367–377
  40. Wechsler D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: The Psychological Corporation; 1955;
  41. Wing JK, Cooper JE, Sartorius N. The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms: An instruction manual for the PSE and CATEGO Programs. London: Cambridge University Press; 1974;

PII: S0920-9964(09)00594-5

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.004

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 120, Issue 1 , Pages 113-120 , July 2010

Article Tools