Superior size–weight illusion performance in patients with schizophrenia: Evidence for deficits in forward models

Abstract 

When non-psychiatric individuals compare the weights of two similar objects of identical mass, but of different sizes, the smaller object is often perceived as substantially heavier. This size–weight illusion (SWI) is thought to be generated by a violation of the common expectation that the large object will be heavier, possibly via a mismatch between an efference copy of the movement and the actual sensory feedback received. As previous research suggests that patients with schizophrenia have deficits in forward model/efference copy mechanisms, we hypothesized that schizophrenic patients would show a reduced SWI. The current study compared the strength of the SWI in schizophrenic patients to matched non-psychiatric participants; weight discrimination for same-sized objects was also assessed. We found a reduced SWI for schizophrenic patients, which resulted in better (more veridical) weight discrimination performance on illusion trials compared to non-psychiatric individuals. This difference in the strength of the SWI persisted when groups were matched for weight discrimination performance. The current findings are consistent with a dysfunctional forward model mechanism in this population. Future studies to elucidate the locus of this impairment using variations on the current study are also proposed.

Keywords: Schizophrenia, Size–weight illusion, Forward model, Efference copy, Weight discrimination