Schizophrenia Research
Volume 118, Issue 1 , Pages 122-127 , May 2010

The psychiatric symptomatology of deficit schizophrenia: A meta-analysis

Received 4 August 2009 ,Revised 8 October 2009 ,Accepted 9 October 2009.

References 

  1. Amador XF, Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT, Marcinko L, Yale SA. Stability of the diagnosis of deficit syndrome in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:637–639
  2. Andreasen NC, Olsen S. Negative v positive schizophrenia. Definition and validation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39:789–794
  3. Andreasen NC, Olsen S. Negative vs. positive schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39:789–794
  4. Arango C, Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B, Carpenter WT. The deficit syndrome in schizophrenia: implications for the treatment of negative symptoms. Eur. Psychiatr. 2004;19:21–26
  5. Arango C, Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW. Neurological signs and the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:560–565
  6. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–571
  7. Berrios GE. Positive and negative symptoms and Jackson: a conceptual history. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1985;42:95–97
  8. Bilder RM, Mukherjee S, Rieder RO, Pandurangi AK. Symptomatic and neuropsychological components of defect states. Schizophr. Bull. 1985;11:409–419
  9. Blanchard JJ, Mueser KT, Bellack AS. Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1998;24:413–424
  10. Brazo P, MariàRM, Halbecq I, Benali K, Segard L, Delamillieure P, et al. Cognitive patterns in subtypes of schizophrenia. Eur. Psychiatr. 2002;17:155
  11. Bryson G, Bell M, Greig T, Kaplan E. Internal consistency, temporal stability and neuropsychological correlates of three cognitive components of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Schizophr. Res. 1999;38:27–35
  12. Bryson G, Bell M, Kaplan E, Greig T, Lysaker P. Affect recognition in deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1998;77:113–120
  13. Bryson G, Whelahan HA, Bell M. Memory and executive function impairments in deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2001;102:29–37
  14. Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT. Domains of psychopathology: an approach to the reduction of heterogeneity in schizophrenia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1994;182:193–204
  15. Buchanan RW, Breier A, Kirkpatrick B, Ball P, Carpenter WT. Positive and negative symptom response to clozapine in schizophrenic patients with and without the deficit syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1998;155:751–760
  16. Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B, Heinrichs DW, Carpenter WT. Clinical correlates of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1990;147:290–294
  17. Buchanan RW, Strauss ME, Breier A, Kirkpatrick B, Carpenter WT. Attentional impairments in deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1997;154:363–370
  18. Carpenter WT, Arango C, Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B. Deficit psychopathology and a paradigm shift in schizophrenia research. Biol. Psychiatry. 1999;46:352–360
  19. Carpenter WT, Heinrichs DW, Wagman AM. Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1988;145:578–583
  20. Chapman LJ, Chapman JP, Raulin ML. Scales of physical and social anhedonia. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1976;85:734–782
  21. Cimmer C, Szendi I, Csifcsák G, Szekeres G, Kovács AZS, Somogyi I, et al. Abnormal neurological signs, visual contrast sensitivity, and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2006;30:1225–1230
  22. Cohen AS, Dinzeo TJ, Nienow TM, Smith DA, Singer B, Docherty NM. Diminished emotionality and social functioning in schizophrenia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2005;193:796–802
  23. Cohen AS, Docherty NM. Affective reactivity of speech and emotional experience in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2004;69:7–14
  24. Cohen AS, Docherty NM. Deficit versus negative syndrome in schizophrenia: prediction of attentional impairment. Schizophr. Bull. 2004;30:827–835
  25. Cohen AS, Docherty NM, Nienow T, Dinzeo T. Self-reported stress and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Psychiatry. 2003;66:308–316
  26. Cohen, A.S., Minor, K.S., in press. Emotional Experience in Schizophrenia Revisited: Meta-analysis of Laboratory Studies. Schizophr. Bull.
  27. Cohen, A.S., Minor, K.S., Najolia, G.M., submitted for publication. A framework for understanding experiential deficits in schizophrenia.
  28. Cohen AS, Saperstein AM, Gold JM, Kirkpatrick B, Carpenter WT, Buchanan RW. Neuropsychology of the deficit syndrome: new data and meta-analysis of findings to date. Schizophr. Bull. 2007;33:1201–1212
  29. Crow TJ. The two-syndrome concept: origins and current status. Schizophr. Bull. 1985;11:471–486
  30. Dollfus S, Buijsrogge JA, Benali K, Delamillieure P, Brazo P. Sinistrality in subtypes of schizophrenia. Eur. Psychiatry. 2002;17:272–277
  31. Earnst KS, Kring AM. Emotional responding in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1999;88:191–207
  32. Fenton WS, McGlashan TH. Antecedents, symptom progression, and long-term outcome of the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1994;151:351–356
  33. Flaum M, Andreasen N. The reliability of distinguishing primary versus secondary negative symptoms. Compr. Psychiatry. 1995;36:421–427
  34. Frith C. The neural basis of hallucinations and delusions. C. R. Biol. 2005;328:169–175
  35. Goetz RR, Corcoran C, Yale S, Stanford AD, Kimhy D, Amador X, et al. Validity of a 'proxy' for the deficit syndrome derived from the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Schizophr. Res. 2007;93:169–177
  36. Goff D, Bottiglieri T, Arning E, Shih V, Freudenreich O, Evins A, et al. Folate, homocysteine, and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2004;161:1705–1708
  37. Gonul A, Kula M, Eşel E, Tutuş A, Sofuoglu S. A Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT study of regional cerebral blood flow in drug-free schizophrenic patients with deficit and non-deficit syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 2003;123:199–205
  38. Gourevitch R, Abbadi S, Guelfi JD. Quality of life in schizophrenics with and without the deficit syndrome. Eur. Psychiatry. 2004;19:172–174
  39. Harris M, Jeste D, Krull A, Montague J, Heaton R. Deficit syndrome in older schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res. 1991;39:285–292
  40. Heckers S, Goff D, Schacter DL, Savage CR, Fischman AJ, Alpert NM, et al. Functional imaging of memory retrieval in deficit vs nondeficit schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1999;56:1117
  41. Hong L, Avila M, Adami H, Elliot A, Thaker G. Components of the smooth pursuit function in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2003;63:39–48
  42. Horan WP, Blanchard JJ. Neurocognitive, social, and emotional dysfunction in deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2003;65:125–137
  43. Horan WP, Blanchard JJ, Clark LA, Green MF. Affective traits in schizophrenia and schizotypy. Schizophr. Bull. 2008;34:856–874
  44. Hurlburt RT. Comprehending behavioral statistics. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.; 1994;
  45. Kantor RE, Wallner JM, Winder CL. Process and reactive schizophrenia. J. Consult. Psychol. 1953;17:157–162
  46. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1987;13:261–276
  47. Kirkpatrick B, Amador XF, Flaum M, Yale SA, Gorman JM, Carpenter WT, et al. The deficit syndrome in the DSM-IV Field Trial: I. Alcohol and other drug abuse. Schizophr. Res. 1996;20:69–77
  48. Kirkpatrick B, Amador XF, Yale SA, Bustillo JR, Buchanan RW, Tohen M. The deficit syndrome in the DSM-IV Field Trial. Part II. Depressive episodes and persecutory beliefs. Schizophr. Res. 1996;20:79–90
  49. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW. Anhedonia and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1990;31:25–30
  50. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW. The neural basis of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1990;178:545–555
  51. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, Breier A, Carpenter WT. Case identification and stability of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1993;47:47–56
  52. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, Breier A, Carpenter WT. Depressive symptoms and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1994;182:452–455
  53. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, McKenney PD, Alphs LD, Carpenter WT. The schedule for the deficit syndrome: an instrument for research in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1989;30:119–123
  54. Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, Ross DE, Carpenter WT. A separate disease within the syndrome of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2001;58:165–171
  55. Kirkpatrick B, Castle D, Murray RM, Carpenter WT. Risk factors for the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2000;26:233–242
  56. Kirkpatrick B, Kopelowicz A, Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT. Assessing the efficacy of treatments for the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;22:303–310
  57. Kirkpatrick B, Ram R, Bromet E. The deficit syndrome in the Suffolk County Mental Health Project. Schizophr. Res. 1996;22:119–126
  58. Kopelowicz A, Liberman RP, Mintz J, Zarate R. Comparison of efficacy of social skills training for deficit and nondeficit negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1997;154:424–425
  59. Kopelowicz A, Zarate R, Tripodis K, Gonzalez V, Mintz J. Differential efficacy of olanzapine for deficit and nondeficit negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:987–993
  60. Liddle PF. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: a re-examination of the positive and negative dichotomy. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1987;151:145–151
  61. Loas G, Boyer P, Legrand A. Anhedonia and negative symptomatology in chronic schizophrenia. Compr. Psychiatry. 1996;37:5–11
  62. Ludewig K, Paulus MP, Vollenweider FX. Behavioural dysregulation of decision-making in deficit but not nondeficit schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res. 2003;119:293
  63. Ludewig K, Vollenweider F. Impaired sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia with deficit and with nondeficit syndrome. Swiss Med. Wkly. 2002;132:159–165
  64. Lukoff D, Nuechterlein KH, Ventura J. Manual for the Expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Schizophr. Bull. 1986;12:594–602
  65. Malaspina D, Goetz R, Yale S, Berman A, Friedman J, Tremeau F, et al. Relation of familial schizophrenia to negative symptoms but not to the deficit syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:994–1003
  66. Messias E, Kirkpatrick B. Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia in the epidemiological catchment area study. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2001;189:608–612
  67. Nakaya M, Ohmori K. Kraepelinian subtype and deficit syndrome in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2006;144:221–225
  68. Nkam I, Thibaut F, Denise P, Elst VD, Ségard L, Brazo P, et al. Saccadic and smooth-pursuit eye movements in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2001;48:145–153
  69. Ribeyre J, Lesieur P, Varoquaux O, Dollfus S, Pays M, Petit M. A comparison of plasma homovanillic acid in the deficit and nondeficit subtypes of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1994;36:230–236
  70. Rosenberg MS, Adams DC, Gurevitch J. MetaWin: Statistical Software for Meta-Analysis. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc.; 2000;
  71. Ross D, Thaker G, Buchanan R, Lahti A, Medoff D, Bartko J, et al. Association of abnormal smooth pursuit eye movements with the deficit syndrome in schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;153:1158–1165
  72. Roy MA, Maziade M, Labbé A, Mérette C. Male gender is associated with deficit schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 2001;47:141–147
  73. Samson J, Gurrera R, Nisenson L, Schildkraut J. Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1995;56:25–31
  74. Silbersweig DA, Stern E, Frith C, Cahill C, Holmes A, Grootoonk S, et al A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia. Nature. 1995;378:176–179
  75. Spalletta G, Pasini A, De Angelis F, Troisi A. Patients with deficit, nondeficit, and negative symptom schizophrenia: do they differ during episodes of acute psychotic decompensation?. Schizophr. Res. 1997;24:341–348
  76. Strauss JS, Carpenter WT, Bartko JJ. Speculations on the processes that underlie schizophrenic symptoms and signs. Schizophr. Bull. 1974;1:61–69
  77. Strauss, G.P., Harrow, M., Grossman, L.S., Rosen, C., in press. Periods of Recovery in Deficit Syndrome Schizophrenia: A 20-Year Multi-follow-up Longitudinal Study. Schizophr. Bull.
  78. Subotnik KL, Nuechterlein KH, Ventura J, Green MF, Hwang SS. Prediction of the deficit syndrome from initial deficit symptoms in the early course of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1998;80:53–59
  79. Tamminga CA, Thaker GK, Buchanan R, Kirkpatrick B, Alphs LD, Chase TN, et al. Limbic system abnormalities identified in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose and neocortical alterations with deficit syndrome. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1992;49:522–530
  80. Tateyama M, Takeda R, Tokuno M, Hashimoto M, Fukukawa Y, Osada H, et al. Visual motor gestalt task indicates that 'deficit schizophrenics' become severely disturbed with age. Psychogeriatrics. 2003;3:73–77
  81. Tek C, Kirkpatrick B, Kelly C, McCreadie RG. Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia in Nithsdale, Scotland. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2001;189:613–617
  82. Thibaut F, Ribeyre J, Dourmap N, Ménard J, Dollfus S, Petit M. Plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and homovanillic acid measurements in deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1998;43:24–30
  83. Tiryaki A, Yazici MK, Anil AE, Kabakci E, Karaagaoglu E, Gogus A. Reexamination of the characteristics of the deficit schizophrenia patients. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2003;253:221
  84. Vaiva G, Cottencin O, Llorca P, Devos P, Dupont S, Mazas O, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in deficit/nondeficit types of schizophrenia according to SDS criteria. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2002;26:481–485
  85. Wagman AM, Heinrichs DW, Carpenter WT. Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: neuropsychological evaluation. Psychiatry Res. 1987;22:319

PII: S0920-9964(09)00497-6

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.10.010

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 118, Issue 1 , Pages 122-127 , May 2010