Schizophrenia Research
Volume 100, Issue 1 , Pages 108-119 , March 2008

Adjunctive psychosocial therapies for the treatment of schizophrenia

  • Thomas L. Patterson

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0680, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 858 534 3354; fax: +1 858 534 7723.
  • ,
  • Oscar R. Leeuwenkamp

      Affiliations

    • NV Organon, a part of Schering-Plough, Oss, The Netherlands

Received 22 June 2007 ,Revised 4 December 2007 ,Accepted 6 December 2007.

References 

  1. Allen CK. Occupational therapy: functional assessment of the severity of mental disorders. Hosp. Community Psychiatr. 1988;39(2):140–142
  2. Barrowclough C, Tarrier N. Social functioning in schizophrenic patients. I. The effects of expressed emotion and family intervention. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 1990;25(3):125–129
  3. Bechdolf A, Kohn D, Knost B, Pukrop R, Klosterkotter J. A randomized comparison of group cognitive-behavioural therapy and group psychoeducation in acute patients with schizophrenia: outcome at 24 months. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2005;112(3):173–179
  4. Bechdolf A, Veith V, Schwarzer D, Schormann M, Stamm E, Janssen B, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy in the pre-psychotic phase: an exploratory study. Psychiatry Res. 2005;136(2–3):251–255
  5. Bellack AS. Skills training for people with severe mental illness. Psychiatr. Rehabil. J. 2004;27(4):375–391
  6. Bengtsson-Tops A, Hansson L. Subjective quality of life in schizophrenic patients living in the community. Relationship to clinical and social characteristics. Eur. Psychiatr. 1999;14(5):256–263
  7. Brekke J, Kay DD, Lee KS, Green MF. Biosocial pathways to functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2005;80(2–3):213–225
  8. Buchkremer G, Klingberg S, Holle R, Schulze Monking H, Hornung WP. Psychoeducational psychotherapy for schizophrenic patients and their key relatives or care-givers: results of a 2-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1997;96(6):483–491
  9. Bustillo J, Lauriello J, Horan W, Keith S. The psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia: an update. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158(2):163–175
  10. Cather C. Functional cognitive-behavioural therapy: a brief, individual treatment for functional impairments resulting from psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Can. J. Psychiatry. 2005;50(5):258–263
  11. Chakos M, Lieberman J, Hoffman E, Bradford D, Sheitman B. Effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158(4):518–526
  12. Chien HC, Ku CH, Lu RB, Chu H, Tao YH, Chou KR. Effects of social skills training on improving social skills of patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs. 2003;17(5):228–236
  13. Chien WT, Chan S, Morrissey J, Thompson D. Effectiveness of a mutual support group for families of patients with schizophrenia. J. Adv. Nurs. 2005;51(6):595–608
  14. Cochet A, Saoud M, Gabriele S, Broallier V, El Asmar C, Dalery J, et al. Impact of a new cognitive remediation strategy on interpersonal problem solving skills and social autonomy in schizophrenia. Encephale. 2006;32(2 Pt 1):189–195
  15. Daban C, Amado I, Bourdel MC, Loo H, Olie JP, Poirier MF, et al. Cognitive dysfunctions in medicated and unmedicated patients with recent-onset schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2005;39(4):391–398
  16. Dickerson FB, Lehman AF. Evidence-based psychotherapy for schizophrenia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2006;194(1):3–9
  17. Dobson DJ, McDougall G, Busheikin J, Aldous J. Effects of social skills training and social milieu treatment on symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Serv. 1995;46(4):376–380
  18. Dodds F, Rebair-Brown A, Parsons S. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials that attempt to identify interventions that improve patient compliance with prescribed antipsychotic medication. Clin. Eff. Nurs. 2000;4:47–53
  19. Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Leckband S, Jeste DV. Interventions to improve antipsychotic medication adherence: review of recent literature. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2003;23(4):389–399
  20. Dossenbach M, Arango-Davila C, Silva Ibarra H, Landa E, Aguilar J, Caro O, et al. Response and relapse in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or haloperidol: 12-month follow-up of the Intercontinental Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (IC-SOHO) study. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2005;66(8):1021–1030
  21. Drury V, Birchwood M, Cochrane R, Macmillan F. Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial. I. Impact on psychotic symptoms. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1996;169(5):593–601
  22. Evans JD, Heaton RK, Paulsen JS, Palmer BW, Patterson T, Jeste DV. The relationship of neuropsychological abilities to specific domains of functional capacity in older schizophrenia patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 2003;53(5):422–430
  23. Evans JD, Bond GR, Meyer PS, Kim HW, Lysaker PH, Gibson PJ, et al. Cognitive and clinical predictors of success in vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2004;70(2–3):331–342
  24. Falloon IR, Boyd JL, McGill CW, Razani J, Moss HB, Gilderman AM. Family management in the prevention of exacerbations of schizophrenia: a controlled study. N. Engl. J. Med. 1982;306(24):1437–1440
  25. Falloon IR, Boyd JL, McGill CW, Williamson M, Razani J, Moss HB, et al. Family management in the prevention of morbidity of schizophrenia. Clinical outcome of a two-year longitudinal study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1985;42(9):887–896
  26. Falloon IR, McGill CW, Boyd JL, Pederson J. Family management in the prevention of morbidity of schizophrenia: social outcome of a two-year longitudinal study. Psychol. Med. 1987;17(1):59–66
  27. Glynn SM, Marder SR, Liberman RP, Blair K, Wirshing WC, Wirshing DA, et al. Supplementing clinic-based skills training with manual-based community support sessions: effects on social adjustment of patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2002;159(5):829–837
  28. Granholm E, McQuaid JR, McClure FS, Auslander LA, Perivoliotis D, Pedrelli P, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for middle-aged and older outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162(3):520–529
  29. Green MF. What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;153(3):321–330
  30. Green MF, Kern RS, Braff DL, Mintz J. Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the “right stuff”?. Schizophr. Bull. 2000;26(1):119–136
  31. Greenwood KE, Landau S, Wykes T. Negative symptoms and specific cognitive impairments as combined targets for improved functional outcome within cognitive remediation therapy. Schizophr. Bull. 2005;31(4):910–921
  32. Gumley A, Karatzias A, Power K, Reilly J, McNay L, O'Grady M. Early intervention for relapse in schizophrenia: impact of cognitive behavioural therapy on negative beliefs about psychosis and self-esteem. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 2006;45(Pt 2):247–260
  33. Gutierrez-Recacha P, Chisholm D, Haro JM, Salvador-Carulla L, Ayuso-Mateos JL. Cost-effectiveness of different clinical interventions for reducing the burden of schizophrenia in Spain. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., Suppl. 2006;432:29–38
  34. Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DJ, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald DP, Javna CD, et al. Family psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. I. One-year effects of a controlled study on relapse and expressed emotion. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1986;43(7):633–642
  35. Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DJ, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald DP, Ulrich RF, et al. Family psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. II. Two-year effects of a controlled study on relapse and adjustment. Environmental-Personal Indicators in the Course of Schizophrenia (EPICS) Research Group. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1991;48(4):340–347
  36. Kemp R, Hayward P, Applewhaite G, Everitt B, David A. Compliance therapy in psychotic patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1996;312(7027):345–349
  37. Kemp R, Kirov G, Everitt B, Hayward P, David A. Randomised controlled trial of compliance therapy. 18-month follow-up. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1998;172:413–419
  38. Koop JI, Rollins AL, Bond GR, Salyers MP, Dincin J, Kinley T, et al. Development of the DPA Fidelity Scale: using fidelity to define an existing vocational model. Psychiatr. Rehabil. J. 2004;28(1):16–24
  39. Koren D, Seidman LJ, Goldsmith M, Harvey PD. Real-world cognitive-and metacognitive-dysfunction in schizophrenia: a new approach for measuring (and remediating) more “right stuff”. Schizophr. Bull. 2006;32(2):310–326
  40. Kuipers E, Garety P, Fowler D, Dunn G, Bebbington P, Freeman D, et al. London-East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis. I: effects of the treatment phase. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1997;171:319–327
  41. Kurtz MM, Seltzer JC, Shagan DS, Thime WR, Wexler BE. Computer-assisted cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: what is the active ingredient?. Schizophr. Res. 2007;89(1–3):251–260
  42. Leff J, Berkowitz R, Shavit N, Strachan A, Glass I, Vaughn C. A trial of family therapy versus a relatives' group for schizophrenia. Two-year follow-up. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1990;157:571–577
  43. Lehman AF, Steinwachs DM. Evidence-based psychosocial treatment practices in schizophrenia: lessons from the patient outcomes research team (PORT) project. J. Amer. Acad. Psychoanal. Dyn. Psychiatry. 2003;31(1):141–154
  44. Lenior ME, Dingemans PM, Linszen DH, de Haan L, Schene AH. Social functioning and the course of early-onset schizophrenia: five-year follow-up of a psychosocial intervention. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2001;179:53–58
  45. Li Z, Arthur D. Family education for people with schizophrenia in Beijing, China: randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2005;187:339–345
  46. Liberman RP, Wallace CJ, Blackwell G, Kopelowicz A, Vaccaro JV, Mintz J. Skills training versus psychosocial occupational therapy for persons with persistent schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1998;155(8):1087–1091
  47. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;353(12):1209–1223
  48. Lindenmayer JP. Treatment refractory schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Q. 2000;71(4):373–384
  49. Linszen D, Dingemans P, Van der Does JW, Nugter A, Scholte P, Lenior R, et al. Treatment, expressed emotion and relapse in recent onset schizophrenic disorders. Psychol. Med. 1996;26(2):333–342
  50. Luft B, Taylor D. A review of atypical antipsychotic drugs versus conventional medication in schizophrenia. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2006;7(13):1739–1748
  51. Lysaker PH, Bond G, Davis LW, Bryson GJ, Bell MD. Enhanced cognitive-behavioral therapy for vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia: Effects on hope and work. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2005;42(5):673–682
  52. Magliano L, Fiorillo A, Fadden G, Gair F, Economou M, Kallert T, et al. Effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention for families of patients with schizophrenia: preliminary results of a study funded by the European Commission. World Psychiatry. 2005;4(1):45–49
  53. Magliano L, Fiorillo A, Malangone C, De Rosa C, Favata G, Sasso A, et al. Family psychoeducational interventions for schizophrenia in routine settings: impact on patients' clinical status and social functioning and on relatives' burden and resources. Epidemiol. Psichiatr. Soc. 2006;15(3):219–227
  54. Magliano L, Fiorillo A, Malangone C, De Rosa C, Maj M. Patient functioning and family burden in a controlled, real-world trial of family psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Serv. 2006;57(12):1784–1791
  55. Marder SR, Wirshing WC, Mintz J, McKenzie J, Johnston K, Eckman TA, et al. Two-year outcome of social skills training and group psychotherapy for outpatients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;153(12):1585–1592
  56. McFarlane WR, Link B, Dushay R, Marchal J, Crilly J. Psychoeducational multiple family groups: four-year relapse outcome in schizophrenia. Fam. Proc. 1995;34(2):127–144
  57. McFarlane WR, Lukens E, Link B, Dushay R, Deakins SA, Newmark M, et al. Multiple-family groups and psychoeducation in the treatment of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1995;52(8):679–687
  58. McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Pascaris A. Cognitive training and supported employment for persons with severe mental illness: one-year results from a randomized controlled trial. Schizophr. Bull. 2005;31(4):898–909
  59. McIntosh AM, Conlon L, Lawrie SM, Stanfield AC. Compliance therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006;3:CD003442
  60. Merinder LB. Patient education in schizophrenia: a review. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2000;102(2):98–106
  61. Montero I, Asencio A, Hernandez I, Masanet MJ, Lacruz M, Bellver F, et al. Two strategies for family intervention in schizophrenia: a randomized trial in a Mediterranean environment. Schizophr. Bull. 2001;27(4):661–670
  62. Montero I, Masanet MJ, Bellver F, Lacruz M. The long-term outcome of 2 family intervention strategies in schizophrenia. Compr. Psychiatry. 2006;47(5):362–367
  63. Moriana JA, Alarcon E, Herruzo J. In-home psychosocial skills training for patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Serv. 2006;57(2):260–262
  64. Morken G, Grawe RW, Widen JH. Effects of integrated treatment on antipsychotic medication adherence in a randomized trial in recent-onset schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2007;68(4):566–571
  65. Nasrallah HA, Lasser R. Improving patient outcomes in schizophrenia: achieving remission. J. Psychopharmacol. 2006;20(6 Suppl):57–61
  66. Nieznanski M, Czerwinska M, Chojnowska A, Walczak S, Dunski W. Effectiveness of cognitive skills training in schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Pol. 2002;36(5):745–757
  67. Nose M, Barbui C. Systemic review of clinical interventions for reducing treatment non-adherence in psychosis. Epidemiol. Psichiatr. Soc. 2003;12(4):272–286
  68. O'Donnell C, Donohoe G, Sharkey L, Owens N, Migone M, Harries R, et al. Compliance therapy: a randomised controlled trial in schizophrenia. BMJ. 2003;327(7419):834
  69. Patterson TL, McKibbin C, Taylor M, Goldman S, Davila-Fraga W, Bucardo J, et al. Functional adaptation skills training (FAST): a pilot psychosocial intervention study in middle-aged and older patients with chronic psychotic disorders. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2003;11(1):17–23
  70. Patterson TL, Bucardo J, McKibbin CL, Mausbach BT, Moore D, Barrio C, et al. Development and pilot testing of a new psychosocial intervention for older Latinos with chronic psychosis. Schizophr. Bull. 2005;31(4):922–930
  71. Patterson TL, Mausbach BT, McKibbin C, Goldman S, Bucardo J, Jeste DV. Functional Adaptation Skills Training (FAST): a randomized trial of a psychosocial intervention for middle-aged and older patients with chronic psychotic disorders. Schizophr. Res. 2006;86(1–3):291–299
  72. Pfammatter M, Junghan UM, Brenner HD. Efficacy of psychological therapy in schizophrenia: conclusions from meta-analyses. Schizophr. Bull. 2006;32(1 Suppl):S64–S80
  73. Pharoah F, Mari J, Rathbone J, Wong W. Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006;4:CD000088
  74. Pilling S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E, Garety P, Geddes J, Orbach G, et al. Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: I. Meta-analysis of family intervention and cognitive behaviour therapy. Psychol. Med. 2002;32(5):763–782
  75. Pioli R, Vittorielli M, Gigantesco A, Rossi G, Basso L, Caprioli C, et al. Outcome assessment of the VADO approach in psychiatric rehabilitation: a partially randomised multicentric trial. Clin. Pract. Epidemol. Ment. Health. 2006;2:5
  76. Pitschel-Walz G, Leucht S, Bauml J, Kissling W, Engel RR. The effect of family interventions on relapse and rehospitalization in schizophrenia—a meta-analysis. Schizophr. Bull. 2001;27(1):73–92
  77. Randolph ET, Eth S, Glynn SM, Paz GG, Leong GB, Shaner AL, et al. Behavioural family management in schizophrenia. Outcome of a clinic-based intervention. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1994;164(4):501–506
  78. Ro-Trock GK, Wellisch DK, Schoolar JC. A family therapy outcome study in an inpatient setting. Am. J. Orthopsychiatr. 1977;47(3):514–522
  79. Robinson D, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, Bilder R, Goldman R, Geisler S, et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1999;56(3):241–247
  80. Roder V, Brenner HD, Muller D, Lachler M, Zorn P, Reisch T, et al. Development of specific social skills training programmes for schizophrenia patients: results of a multicentre study. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2002;105(5):363–371
  81. Roder V, Mueller DR, Mueser KT, Brenner HD. Integrated psychological therapy (IPT) for schizophrenia: is it effective?. Schizophr. Bull. 2006;32(Suppl 1):S81–S93
  82. Sensky T, Turkington D, Kingdon D, Scott JL, Scott J, Siddle R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia resistant to medication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2000;57(2):165–172
  83. Sergi MJ, Kern RS, Mintz J, Green MF. Learning potential and the prediction of work skill acquisition in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2005;31(1):67–72
  84. Shaner A, Eckman T, Roberts LJ, Fuller T. Feasibility of a skills training approach to reduce substance dependence among individuals with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Serv. 2003;54(9):1287–1289
  85. Siddle R, Kingdon D. The management of schizophrenia: cognitive behavioural therapy. Br. J. Community Nurs. 2000;5(1):20–25
  86. Stant AD, TenVergert EM, Groen H, Jenner JA, Nienhuis FJ, van de Willige G, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the HIT programme in patients with schizophrenia and persistent auditory hallucinations. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2003;107(5):361–368
  87. Startup M, Jackson MC, Bendix S. North Wales randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for acute schizophrenia spectrum disorders: outcomes at 6 and 12 months. Psychol. Med. 2004;34(3):413–422
  88. Startup M, Jackson MC, Evans KE, Bendix S. North Wales randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for acute schizophrenia spectrum disorders: two-year follow-up and economic evaluation. Psychol. Med. 2005;35(9):1307–1316
  89. Swartz MS, Perkins DO, Stroup TS, Davis SM, Capuano G, Rosenheck RA, et al. Effects of antipsychotic medications on psychosocial functioning in patients with chronic schizophrenia: findings from the NIMH CATIE study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2007;164(3):428–436
  90. Tarrier N, Wittkowski A, Kinney C, McCarthy E, Morris J, Humphreys L. Durability of the effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia: 12-month follow-up. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1999;174:500–504
  91. Tarrier N, Lewis S, Haddock G, Bentall R, Drake R, Kinderman P, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy in first-episode and early schizophrenia. 18-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2004;184:231–239
  92. Temple S, Ho BC. Cognitive therapy for persistent psychosis in schizophrenia: a case-controlled clinical trial. Schizophr. Res. 2005;74(2–3):195–199
  93. Thorup A, Petersen L, Jeppesen P, Ohlenschlaeger J, Christensen T, Krarup G, et al. Integrated treatment ameliorates negative symptoms in first episode psychosis—results from the Danish OPUS trial. Schizophr. Res. 2005;79(1):95–105
  94. Tomaras V, Mavreas V, Economou M, Ioannovich E, Karydi V, Stefanis C. The effect of family intervention on chronic schizophrenics under individual psychosocial treatment: a 3-year study. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2000;35(11):487–493
  95. Tsang HW. Applying social skills training in the context of vocational rehabilitation for people with schizophrenia. J. of Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2001;189(2):90–98
  96. Tsang HW, Pearson V. Work-related social skills training for people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Schizophr. Bull. 2001;27(1):139–148
  97. Vaughan K, Doyle M, McConaghy N, Blaszczynski A, Fox A, Tarrier N. The relationship between relative's Expressed Emotion and schizophrenic relapse: an Australian replication. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 1992;27(1):10–15
  98. Vauth R, Corrigan PW, Clauss M, Dietl M, Dreher-Rudolph M, Stieglitz RD, et al. Cognitive strategies versus self-management skills as adjunct to vocational rehabilitation. Schizophr. Bull. 2005;31(1):55–66
  99. Velligan DI, Bow-Thomas CC, Huntzinger C, Ritch J, Ledbetter N, Prihoda TJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the use of compensatory strategies to enhance adaptive functioning in outpatients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157(8):1317–1323
  100. Velligan DI, Mueller J, Wang M, Dicocco M, Diamond PM, Maples NJ, et al. Use of environmental supports among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Serv. 2006;57(2):219–224
  101. Veltro F, Magliano L, Morosini P, Fasulo E, Pedicini G, Cascavilla I, et al. Randomised controlled trial of a behavioural family intervention: 1 year and 11-years follow-up. Epidemiol. Psichiatr. Soc. 2006;15(1):44–51
  102. Wagner M, Quednow BB, Westheide J, Schlaepfer TE, Maier W, Kuhn KU. Cognitive improvement in schizophrenic patients does not require a serotonergic mechanism: randomized controlled trial of olanzapine vs amisulpride. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30(2):381–390
  103. Ward A, Ishak K, Proskorovsky I, Caro J. Compliance with refilling prescriptions for atypical antipsychotic agents and its association with the risks for hospitalization, suicide, and death in patients with schizophrenia in Quebec and Saskatchewan: a retrospective database study. Clin. Ther. 2006;28(11):1912–1921
  104. Wexler BE, Bell MD. Cognitive remediation and vocational rehabilitation for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2005;31(4):931–941
  105. White L, Friedman JI, Bowie CR, Evers M, Harvey PD, Parrella M, et al. Long-term outcomes in chronically hospitalized geriatric patients with schizophrenia: retrospective comparison of first generation and second generation antipsychotics. Schizophr. Res. 2006;88(1–3):127–134
  106. Wiersma D, Jenner JA, Nienhuis FJ, van de Willige G. Hallucination focused integrative treatment improves quality of life in schizophrenia patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2004;109(3):194–201
  107. Xiong W, Phillips MR, Hu X, Wang R, Dai Q, Kleinman J, et al. Family-based intervention for schizophrenic patients in China. A randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1994;165(2):239–247
  108. Yildiz M, Yazici A, Unal S, Aker T, Ozgen G, Ekmekci H, et al. Social skills training in psychosocial therapy of schizophrenia: a multicenter study for symptom management and medication management modules. Turk. Psikiyatri. Derg. 2002;13(1):41–47
  109. Zimmermann G, Favrod J, Trieu VH, Pomini V. The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 2005;77(1):1–9
  110. Zygmunt A, Olfson M, Boyer CA, Mechanic D. Interventions to improve medication adherence in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2002;159(10):1653–1664

PII: S0920-9964(07)01038-9

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.12.468

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 100, Issue 1 , Pages 108-119 , March 2008