Schizophrenia Research
Volume 100, Issue 1 , Pages 133-143 , March 2008

Neuropsychological predictors of functional outcome in Cognitive Behavioral Social Skills Training for older people with schizophrenia

  • Eric Granholm

      Affiliations

    • Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, United States
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. VA San Diego Healthcare System (116B), 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, United States. Tel.: +1 858 552-8585x7768; fax: +1 858 642 6416.
  • ,
  • John R. McQuaid

      Affiliations

    • Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, United States
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States
  • ,
  • Peter C. Link

      Affiliations

    • Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, United States
  • ,
  • Scott Fish

      Affiliations

    • Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, United States
    • SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, United States
  • ,
  • Thomas Patterson

      Affiliations

    • Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, United States
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States
  • ,
  • Dilip V. Jeste

      Affiliations

    • Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, United States
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States
    • Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, United States

Received 24 July 2007 ,Revised 20 November 2007 ,Accepted 28 November 2007.

References 

  1. Asarnow RF, Granholm E, Sherman T. Span of apprehension in schizophrenia. In:  Steinhauer SR,  Gruzelier JH,  Zubin J editor. Handbook of Schizophrenia: Neurophsychology, Psychophysiology, and Information Processing. Elsevier: Amsterdam; 1991;p. 335–370
  2. Bartels SJ, Forester B, Mueser KT, Miles KM, Dums AR, Pratt SI, et al. Enhanced skills training and health care management for older persons with severe mental illness. Community Ment. Health J. 2004;40:75–90
  3. Beck AT, Rector NA. Cognitive therapy of schizophrenia: a new therapy for the new millennium. Am J Psychother. 2000;54:291–300
  4. Bowen L, Wallace CJ, Glynn SM, Nuechterlein KH, Lutzker J, Kuehnel TG. Schizophrenic individual's cognitive functioning and performance in interpersonal interactions and skills training procedures. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1994;28:289–301
  5. Bradshaw W. Integrating cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for persons with schizophrenia into a psychiatric rehabilitation program: results of a three year trial. Community Ment. Health J. 2000;36:491–500
  6. Brenner HD, Hodel B, Roder V, Corrigan P. Treatment of cognitive dysfunctions and behavioral deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1992;18:21–26
  7. Delis DC, Kaplan E, Kramer JH, Ober BA. California Verbal Learning Test—II (CVLT-II) Manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 2000;
  8. Dickerson FB. Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy for schizophrenia: a review of recent empirical studies. Schizophr. Res. 2000;43:71–90
  9. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders—Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York Psychiatric Institute; 1995;
  10. Foster P. Neuroleptic equivalence. Pharmacology. 1989;290:431–432
  11. Garety P, Fowler D, Kuipers E, Freeman D, Dunn G, Bebbington P, et al. London–East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis. II: predictors of outcome. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1997;171:420–426
  12. Gladsjo JA, Schuman CC, Evans JD, Peavy GM, Miller SW, Heaton RK. Norms for letter and category fluency: demographic corrections for age, education, and ethnicity. Assessment. 1999;6:147–178
  13. Golden CJ. Stroop Color and Word Test. Chicago: Stoelting Company; 1978;
  14. Gould RA, Mueser KT, Bolton E, Mays V, Goff D. Cognitive therapy for psychosis in schizophrenia: an effect size analysis. Schizophr. Res. 2001;48:335–342
  15. Granholm E, McQuaid JR, McClure FS, Pedrelli P, Jeste DV. A randomized controlled pilot study of cognitive behavioral social skills training for older patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2002;53:167–169
  16. Granholm E, McQuaid JR, Auslander L, McClure FS. Group cognitive-behavioral social skills training for older outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. J. Cogn. Psychother. 2004;18:265–279
  17. Granholm E, McQuaid JR, McClure FS, Auslander L, Perivoliotis D, Pedrelli P, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for middle-aged and older outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162:520–529
  18. Granholm E, Auslander L, Gottlieb JD, McQuaid JR, McClure FS. Therapeutic factors contributing to change in cognitive-behavioral group therapy for older persons with schizophrenia. J. Contemp. Psychother. 2006;36:31–41
  19. Granholm E, McQuaid JR, McClure FS, Link PC, Perivoliotis D, Gottlieb JD, et al. Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for older people with schizophrenia: 12-month follow-up. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2007;68:730–737
  20. Green MF. What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;153:321–330
  21. Green MF, Kern RS, Braff DL, Mintz J. Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the “right stuff”?. Schizophr. Bull. 2000;26:119–136
  22. Gumley A, O'Grady M, McNay L, Reilly J, Power K, Norrie J. Early intervention for relapse in schizophrenia: results of a 12-month randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy. Psychol. Med. 2003;33:419–431
  23. Hamilton M. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 1967;6:278–296
  24. Heaton RK, Grant I, Matthews CG. Comprehensive Norms for Expanded Halstead–Reitan Battery: Demographic Corrections, Research Findings, and Clinical Applications. Odessa, Fla: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.; 1991;
  25. Heaton RK, Chelune GJ, Talley JL, Kay GG, Curtiss G. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual — Revised and Expanded. Odeassa; 1993;Fla
  26. Jeste D, Wyatt R. Understanding and Treating Tardive Dyskinesia. New York: Guilford; 1982;
  27. Jeste DV, Rockwell E, Harris MJ, Lohr JB, Lacro J. Conventional vs. newer antipsychotics in elderly patients. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 1999;7:70–76
  28. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1987;13:261–276
  29. Kern RS, Green MF, Satz P. Neuropsychological predictors of skills training for chronic psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res. 1992;43:223–230
  30. Kingdon DG, Turkington D. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of Schizophrenia. New York: The Guilford Press; 1994;
  31. Kraemer HC, Wilson GT, Fairburn CG, Agras WS. Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2002;59:877–883
  32. Leclerc C, Lesage AD, Ricard N, Lecomte T, Cyr M. Assessment of a new rehabilitative coping skills module for persons with schizophrenia. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry. 2000;70:380–388
  33. Lysaker PH, Bell MD, Bioty SM. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Prediction of symptom change for participators in work rehabilitation. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1995;183:332–336
  34. Lysaker PH, Bryson GJ, Davis LW, Bell MD. Relationship of impaired processing speed and flexibility of abstract thought to improvements in work performance over time in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2005;75:211–218
  35. McGurk SR, Mueser KT. Cognitive functioning, symptoms, and work in supported employment: a review and heuristic model. Schizophr. Res. 2004;70:147–173
  36. McKee M, Hull JW, Smith TE. Cognitive and symptom correlates of participation in social skills training groups. Schizophr. Res. 1997;23:223–229
  37. McQuaid JR, Granholm E, McClure FS, Roepke S, Pedrelli P, Patterson TL, et al. Development of an integrated cognitive-behavioral and social skills training intervention for older patients with schizophrenia. J. Psychother. Pract. Res. 2000;9:149–156
  38. Mueser KT, Bellack AS, Douglas MS, Wade JH. Prediction of social skill acquisition in schizophrenic and major affective disorder patients from memory and symptomatology. Psychiatry Res. 1991;37:281–296
  39. Norman MA, Evans JD, Miller SW, Heaton RK. Demographically corrected norms for the California Verbal Learning Test. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2000;80–94
  40. Nuechterlein KH. Vigilance in schizophrenia and related disorders. In:  Steinhauer SR,  Grzonka A,  Zubin J editor. Handbook of Schizophrenia. vol. 5:Elsevier Science Inc.; 1991;p. 377–433
  41. Oltmanns TF, Neale JM. Schizophrenic performance when distractors are present: attentional deficit or differential task difficulty?. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1975;84:205–209
  42. Palmer BW, Heaton SC, Jeste DV. Older patients with schizophrenia: challenges in the coming decades. Psychiatr. Serv. 1999;50:1178–1183
  43. Patterson TL, McKibbin CL, Mausbach BT, Goldman S, Bucardo J, Jeste DV. Functional Adaptation Skills Training (FAST): a randomized trial of a psychosocial intervention for middle-aged and older patients with chronic psychotic disorders. Schizophr. Res. 2006;
  44. Penn DL, Mueser KT, Spaulding W, Hope DA, Reed D. Information processing and social competence in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1995;21:269–281
  45. Perivoliotis D, Granholm E, Patterson TL. Psychosocial functioning on the Independent Living Skills Survey in older outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2004;69:307–316
  46. Perris C, Skagerlind L. Cognitive therapy with schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1994;382:65–70
  47. Pratt SI, Mueser KT, Driscoll M, Wolfe R, Bartels SJ. Medication nonadherence in older people with serious mental illness: prevalence and correlates. Psychiatr. Rehabil. J. 2006;29:299–310
  48. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Consults . Modules in the UCLA Social and Independent Living Skills Series. Camarillo, Ca: Psychiatric Rehabilitation Consults; 1991;
  49. Rector NA, Beck AT. Cognitive behavioral therapy for schizophrenia: an empirical review. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2001;189:278–287
  50. Reitan RM, Wolfson D. The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and Clinical Interpretation. vol. 2. Tucson, Ariz: Neuropsychology Press; 1993;
  51. Roberts DL, Penn DL, Cather C, Otto M, Goff DC. Should CBT target the social impairments associated with schizophrenia?. J. Cogn. Psychother. 2004;18:621–630
  52. Saddock V, Saddock B. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins; 2000;
  53. Silverstein SM, Schenkel LS, Valone C, Nuernberger SW. Cognitive deficits and psychiatric rehabilitation outcomes in schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Q. 1998;69:169–191
  54. Singer JD, Willett JB. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Methods for Studying Change and Event Occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003;
  55. Smith TE, Hull JW, Romanelli S, Fertuck E, Weiss KA. Symptoms and neurocognition as rate limiters in skills training for psychotic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1817–1818
  56. Turkington D, Kingdon D, Weiden PJ. Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2006;163:365–373
  57. Ucok A, Cakir S, Duman ZC, Discigil A, Kandemir P, Atli H. Cognitive predictors of skill acquisition on social problem solving in patients with schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2006;256:388–394
  58. Wallace CJ, Liberman RP, Tauber R, Wallace J. The Independent Living Skills Survey: a comprehensive measure of the community functioning of severely and persistently mentally ill individuals. Schizophr. Bull. 2000;26:631–658
  59. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Third Edition. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 1997;
  60. Wiersma D, Jenner JA, van de Willige G, Spakman M, Nienhuis FJ. Cognitive behaviour therapy with coping training for persistent auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: a naturalistic follow-up study of the durability of effects. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2001;103:393–399

PII: S0920-9964(07)00557-9

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.11.032

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 100, Issue 1 , Pages 133-143 , March 2008