Schizophrenia Research
Volume 93, Issue 1 , Pages 211-220 , July 2007

Relevant dimensions of delusions: Continuing the continuum versus category debate

Received 8 September 2006 ,Revised 12 February 2007 ,Accepted 16 February 2007.

References 

  1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed.. Washington, DC: Author; 1994;
  2. Andreasen NC, Flaum M. Schizophrenia: the characteristic symptoms. Schizophr. Bull. 1991;17:27–49
  3. Appelbaum PS, Robbins PC, Roth LH. Dimensional approach to delusions: comparison across types and diagnoses. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1938–1943
  4. Appelbaum PS, Robbins PC, Vesselinov R. Persistence and stability of delusions over time. Compr. Psychiatry. 2004;45:317–324
  5. Bentall R, Slade PD. Reliability of a scale measuring disposition towards hallucination: a brief report. Pers. Individ. Differ. 1985;6:527–529
  6. Bentall RP, Claridge GS, Slade PD. The multidimensional nature of schizotypal traits: a factor analytic study with normal subjects. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 1989;28:363–375
  7. Brown MW. Cross-validation methods. J. Math. Psychol. 2000;44:108–132
  8. Brown TA, Barlow DH. Dimensional versus categorical classification of mental disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and beyond: comment on the special section. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 2005;114:551–556
  9. Claridge G. “The schizophrenics as nervous types” revisited. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1987;151:735–743
  10. Clark DA. Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for OCD. New York: Guilford Press; 2004;
  11. Coms DR, Adams SD, Michael CO, Penn DL, Basso MR, Gouvier WD. The Conviction of Delusional Beliefs Scale: reliability and validity. Schizophr. Res. 2006;86:80–88
  12. Eaton WW, Romanoski A, Anthony JC, Nestadt G. Screening for psychosis in the general population with a self-report interview. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1991;179:689–693
  13. Fenton WS. Co morbid conditions in schizophrenia. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 2001;14:17–23
  14. Frances A, First MB, Pincus HA. The DSM-IV™ Guidebook. 2005;American Psychiatric Press, Washington: DC
  15. Freeman D, Garety PA, Bebbington PE, Smith B, Rollinson R, Fowler D, et al. Psychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2005;186:427–435
  16. Gallup GH, Newport F. Belief in paranormal phenomena among adult Americans. Sceptical Inq. 1991;15:137–146
  17. Garety PA, Kuipers L, Fowler D, Freeman D, Bebbington P. A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychol. Med. 2001;31:189–195
  18. Hanssen M, Peeters F, Krabbendam L, Radstake S, Verdoux H, van Os J. How psychotic are individuals with non-psychotic disorders?. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2003;38:149–154
  19. Hanssen M, Krabbendam L, Vollema M, Delespaul P, van Os J. Evidence for instrument and family-specific variation of sub clinical psychosis dimensions in the general population. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 2006;115:5–14
  20. Jaspers K. Allgemeine Psychopathologie. (4. neu bearbeitete Auflage). Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1946;
  21. Johns LC, van Os J. The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2001;21:1125–1141
  22. Kuipers E, Garety PA, Fowler D, Dunn G, Bebbington P, Freeman D, et al. London-East Anglia randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis: I. Effects of the treatment phase. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1997;171:319–327
  23. Larøi F, van der Linden M. Metacognitions in proneness towards hallucinations and delusions. Behav. Res. Ther. 2005;43:1425–1441
  24. Liddle PF. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. A re-examination of the positive–negative dichotomy. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1987;151:145–151
  25. Launay G, Slade PD. The measurement of hallucinatory predisposition in male and female prisoners. Pers. Individ. Differ. 1981;2:221–234
  26. Maher BA. Delusional thinking and perceptual disorder. J. Individ. Psychol. 1974;30:98–113
  27. McGovern J, Turkington D. ‘Seeing the Wood from the trees’: a continuum model of psychopathology advocating cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 2001;8:149–175
  28. Morrison AP. The interpretation of intrusions in psychosis. An integrative approach to hallucinations and delusions. Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 2001;29:257–276
  29. Peralta V, de Leon J, Cuesta MJ. Are there more than two syndromes in schizophrenia? A critique of the positive–negative dichotomy. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1992;161:335–343
  30. Peters E, Day S, Mckenna J, Orbach G. Delusional ideation in religious and psychotic populations. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 1999;38:83–96
  31. Peters ER, Joseph SA, Garety PA. Measurement of delusional ideation in the normal population: introducing the PDI (Peters et al. Delusions Inventory). Schizophr. Bull. 1999;25:553–576
  32. Peters ER, Joseph SA, Day S, Garety PA. Measuring delusional ideation: the 21-Item Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI). Schizophr. Bull. 2004;30:1005–1022
  33. Raine A. The SPQ: a scale for assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophr. Bull. 1991;17:555–564
  34. Sharp HM, Fear CF, Williams JMG, Healy D, Lowe CF, Yeadon H, et al. Delusional phenomenology — dimensions of change. Behav. Res. Ther. 1996;34:123–142
  35. Sirius SG. Diagnosis of secondary depression in schizophrenia: implications for DSM-IV. Schizophr. Bull. 1991;17:75–98
  36. SPSS . SPSS Base 12.0 User's Guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS; 2003;
  37. Statistisches Bundesamt . Results of An Inquiry About the National Distribution of Gender, Age and Education in Germany for the Year 2004. 2006;
  38. Strauss JS. Hallucinations and delusions as points on continua function. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1969;21:581–586
  39. Tien AY. Distribution of hallucinations in the population. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 1991;26:287–292
  40. Widinger TA, Samuel DB. Diagnostic categories or dimensions? A question for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders — fifth edition. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 2005;114:494–504
  41. World Health Organization . The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. ICD-10 Chapter V. Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992;

PII: S0920-9964(07)00107-7

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.02.013

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 93, Issue 1 , Pages 211-220 , July 2007