Schizophrenia Research
Volume 92, Issue 1 , Pages 1-14 , May 2007

Psychotic experiences in the general population: A twenty-year prospective community study

  • Wulf Rössler

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (CH), Switzerland
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of General and Social Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Militärstrasse 8, 8021 CH-Zurich, Switzerland. Tel.: +41 44 296 7400; fax: +41 44 296 7409.
    • ,
  • Anita Riecher-Rössler

      Affiliations

    • University Psychiatric Outpatient Department, University Hospital Basel (CH), Switzerland
    • ,
  • Jules Angst

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (CH), Switzerland
    • ,
  • Robin Murray

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Psychiatry London (GB), UK
    • ,
  • Alex Gamma

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (CH), Switzerland
    • ,
  • Dominque Eich

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (CH), Switzerland
    • ,
  • Jim van Os

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Psychiatry London (GB), UK
    • Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University (NL), The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Vladeta Ajdacic Gross

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (CH), Switzerland

Received 15 September 2006 ,Revised 13 November 2006 ,Accepted 14 January 2007.

References 

  1. Angst J, Dobler-Mikola A, Binder J. The Zurich study—A prospective epidemiological study of depressive, neurotic and psychosomatic syndromes: I. Problem, methodology. Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Neurol. Sci. 1984;234:13–20
  2. Angst J, Gamma A, Neuenschwander M, Ajdacic-Gross V, Eich D, Rossler W, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in the Zurich Cohort Study: a twenty year prospective study. Epidemiol. Psichiatr. Soc. 2005;14:68–76
  3. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Poulton R, Murray R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE. Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. BMJ. 2002;325:1212–1213
  4. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Witton J, Murray RM. Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2004;184:110–117
  5. Bak M, Krabbendam L, Janssen I, de Graaf R, Vollebergh W, van Os J. Early trauma may increase the risk for psychotic experiences by impacting on emotional response and perception of control. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2005;112:360–366
  6. Bebbington PE, Bhugra D, Brugha T, Singleton N, Farrell M, Jenkins R, et al. Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage: evidence from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2004;185:220–226
  7. Broome MR, Woolley JB, Tabraham P, Johns LC, Bramon E, Murray GK, et al. What causes the onset of psychosis?. Schizophr. Res. 2005;79:23–34
  8. Chapman LJ, Chapman JP, Kwapil TR, Eckblad M, Zinser MC. Putatively psychosis-prone subjects 10 years later. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1994;103:171–183
  9. Cox D, Cowling P. Are You Normal?. London: Tower Press; 1989;
  10. Derogatis LR. SCL-90. In: Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual-1 for the R (revised) Version and Other Instruments of the Psychopathology Rating Scale Series., Chigaco. 1977;
  11. Derogatis LR, Cleary PA. Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: a study in construct validity. J. Clin. Psychol. 1977;33:981–989
  12. Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N. The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report. Psychol. Med. 1983;13:595–605
  13. Dunn G, Pickles A, Tansella M, Vazquez-Barquero JL. Two-phase epidemiological surveys in psychiatric research. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1999;174:95–100
  14. Eaton WW, Romanoski A, Anthony JC, Nestadt G. Screening for psychosis in the general population with a self-report interview. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1991;179:689–693
  15. Eich D, Ajdacic-Gross V, Condrau M, Huber H, Gamma A, Angst J, et al. The Zurich study: participation patterns and Symptom Checklist 90-R scores in six interviews, 1979–99. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2003;108(Suppl. 418):11–14
  16. Eisen SV, Leff HS, Schaefer E. Implementing outcome systems: lessons from a test of the BASIS-32 and the SF-36. J. Behav. Health Serv. Res. 1999;26:18–27
  17. Escher S, Romme M, Buiks A, Delespaul P, Van Os J. Independent course of childhood auditory hallucinations: a sequential 3-year follow-up study. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2002;Suppl 43:s10–s18
  18. Everitt BS. Cluster Analysis. London: Arnold; 1993;
  19. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Swain-Campbell NR. Cannabis dependence and psychotic symptoms in young people. Psychol. Med. 2003;33:15–21
  20. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Ridder EM. Tests of causal linkages between cannabis use and psychotic symptoms. Addiction. 2005;100:354–366
  21. Goldstein MJ, Rodnick EH. The family's contribution to the etiology of schizophrenia: current status. Schizophr. Bull. 1975;14:48–63
  22. Hafkenscheid A. Psychometric evaluation of the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) in psychiatric patients. Pers. Individ. Differ. 1993;14:751–756
  23. Hanssen M, Bak M, Bijl R, Vollebergh W, van Os J. The incidence and outcome of subclinical psychotic experiences in the general population. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 2005;44:181–191
  24. Harrington R, Fudge H, Rutter M, Pickles A, Hill J. Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression. I. Psychiatric status. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1990;47:465–473
  25. Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, Kaplan C, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, et al. Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people. BMJ. 2005;330:11
  26. Henquet C, Murray R, Linszen D, van Os J. The environment and schizophrenia: the role of cannabis use. Schizophr. Bull. 2005;31:608–612
  27. Holmes TH, Rahe RH. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. J. Psychosom. Res. 1967;11:213–218
  28. Johns LC, van Os J. The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2001;21:1125–1141
  29. Johns LC, Nazroo JY, Bebbington P, Kuipers E. Occurrence of hallucinatory experiences in a community sample and ethnic variations. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2002;180:174–178
  30. Johns LC, Cannon M, Singleton N, Murray RM, Farrell M, Brugha T, et al. Prevalence and correlates of self-reported psychotic symptoms in the British population. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2004;185:298–305
  31. Kendler KS, Gallagher TJ, Abelson JM, Kessler RC. Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample. The National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1996;53:1022–1031
  32. Kessler RC, Davis CG, Kendler KS. Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychol. Med. 1997;27:1101–1119
  33. Krabbendam L, Arts B, van Os J, Aleman A. Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophr. Res. 2005;80:137–149
  34. Lewis-Beck MS. Factor Analysis and Related Techniques. London: Sage; 1994;
  35. Merikangas KR, Zhang H, Avenevoli S, Acharyya S, Neuenschwander M, Angst J. Longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety in a prospective community study: the Zurich Cohort Study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2003;60:993–1000
  36. Olsen LR, Mortensen EL, Bech P. The SCL-90 and SCL-90R versions validated by item response models in a Danish community sample. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2004;110:225–229
  37. Poulton R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, Murray R, Harrington H. Children's self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2000;57:1053–1058
  38. Schmitz N, Hartkamp N, Franke GH. Assessing clinically significant change: application to the SCL-90-R. Psychol. Rep. 2000;86:263–274
  39. Spauwen J, Krabbendam L, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, van Os J. Sex differences in psychosis: normal or pathological?. Schizophr. Res. 2003;62:45–49
  40. Sundquist K, Frank G, Sundquist J. Urbanisation and incidence of psychosis and depression: follow-up study of 4.4 million women and men in Sweden. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2004;184:293–298
  41. Tennant C, Andrews G. A scale to measure the stress of life events. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 1976;10:27–32
  42. Tien AY. Distributions of hallucinations in the population. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 1991;26:287–292
  43. Tien AY, Costa PT, Eaton WW. Covariance of personality, neurocognition, and schizophrenia spectrum traits in the community. Schizophr. Res. 1992;7:149–158
  44. Tienari P, Wynne LC, Sorri A, Lahti I, Laksy K, Moring J, et al. Genotype-environment interaction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Long-term follow-up study of Finnish adoptees. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2004;184:216–222
  45. Twisk JWR. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis for Epidemiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003;
  46. van Os J. Does the urban environment cause psychosis?. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2004;184:287–288
  47. van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Ravelli A. Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population?. Schizophr. Res. 2000;45:11–20
  48. van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Verdoux H. Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2002;156:319–327
  49. Verdoux H, van Os J. Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 2002;54:59–65
  50. Verdoux H, Maurice-Tison S, Gay B, Van Os J, Salamon R, Bourgeois ML. A survey of delusional ideation in primary-care patients. Psychol. Med. 1998;28:127–134
  51. Verdoux H, van Os J, Maurice-Tison S, Gay B, Salamon R, Bourgeois M. Is early adulthood a critical developmental stage for psychosis proneness? A survey of delusional ideation in normal subjects. Schizophr. Res. 1998;29:247–254
  52. Wessely S, Castle D, Der G, Murray R. Schizophrenia and Afro-Caribbeans. A case-control study. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1991;159:795–801
  53. Zammit S, Lewis G. Exploring the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. Addiction. 2004;99:1353–1355

PII: S0920-9964(07)00052-7

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.002

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 92, Issue 1 , Pages 1-14 , May 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution