Schizophrenia Research
Volume 89, Issue 1 , Pages 123-128 , January 2007

The association of insight with psychotic symptoms, depression, and cognition in early psychosis: A 3-year follow-up

  • Huma Saeedi

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
  • ,
  • Jean Addington

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S1. Tel.: +1 416 535 8501x4360; fax: +1 416 979 6936.
  • ,
  • Donald Addington

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

Received 11 April 2006 ,Revised 21 September 2006 ,Accepted 22 September 2006.

References 

  1. Addington J, Addington D. Early intervention for psychosis: The Calgary Early Psychosis Treatment and Prevention Program. Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. Bull. 2001;33:11–16
  2. Addington D, Addington J, Maticka-Tyndale E, Joyce J. Reliability and validity of the depression rating scale for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1992;6:201–208
  3. Addington D, Addington J, Patten SB. Depression in people with first-episode schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1998;172:90–92
  4. Addington J, Leriger E, Addington D. Symptom outcome 1 year after admission to an early psychosis program. Can. J. Psychiatry. 2003;48:204–207
  5. Addington J, Williams J, Young J, Addington D. Suicidal behaviour in early psychosis. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2004;109:116–120
  6. Addington J, Saeedi H, Addington D. The course of cognitive functioning in first episode psychosis: changes over time and impact on outcome. Schizophr. Res. 2005;78:35–43
  7. Amador XF, Gorman JM. Psychopathologic domains and insight in schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1998;21:27–42
  8. Amador XF, Strauss D, Yale S, et al. Assessment of insight in psychosis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1993;150:873–879
  9. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed.. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  10. Arduini L, Kalyvoka A, Stratta P, et al. Insight and neuropsychological function in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Can. J. Psychiatry. 2003;48:338–341
  11. Asarnow RF, Granholm E, Sherman T. Span of apprehension in schizophrenia. In:  Steinhauer SR,  Gruzelier JH,  Zubin J editor. Handbook of Schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology and Information Processing. vol. 5:Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1991;p. 335–370
  12. Benton AL, Hamsher K. Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa City: AHA Associates; 1983;
  13. Birchwood M, Iqbal Z, Chadwick P, Trower P. Cognitive approach to depression and suicidal thinking in psychosis: I. Ontogeny of post-psychotic depression. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2000;177:516–528
  14. Catell RB. The scree test for number of factors. Multivariate Behav. Res. 1966;1:245–276
  15. Crumlish N, Whitty P, Kamali M, et al. Early insight predicts depression and attempted suicide after 4 years in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2005;112:449–455
  16. Drake RJ, Lewis SW. Insight and neurocognition in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2003;62:165–173
  17. Drake RJ, Pickles A, Bentall RP, et al. The evolution of insight, paranoia and depression during early schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 2004;34:285–292
  18. Edwards J, McGorry P. Implementing Early Intervention in Psychosis. London: Martin Dunitz; 2002;
  19. Gold JM, Carpenter C, Randolph C, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Auditory working memory and Wisconsin card sorting test performance in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1997;54:159–165
  20. Heaton RK. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual. Odessa FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1981;
  21. Heinrichs DW, Hanlon TE, Carpenter WT. The Quality of Life Scale: an instrument for rating the schizophrenic deficit syndrome. Schizophr. Bull. 1984;10:388–398
  22. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1987;13:261–275
  23. Keefe SE, Seidman LJ, Christensen BK, et al. Comparative effect of atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs on neurocognition in first episode psychosis: a randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus low doses of haloperidol. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2004;161:985–995
  24. Keshavan MS, Rabinowitz J, Desmedt G, Harvery PD, Schooler N. Correlates of insight in first episode psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 2004;70:187–194
  25. Koren D, Seidman LJ, Poyurovsky M, et al. The neuropsychological basis of insight in first-episode schizophrenia: a pilot metacognitive study. Schizophr. Res. 2004;70:195–202
  26. Larsen TK, McGlashan TH, Moe LC. First-episode schizophrenia: early course parameters. Schizophr. Bull. 1996;22:241–256
  27. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995;
  28. Lysaker PH, Bell MD, Bryson G, Kaplan E. Personality as a predictor of the variability of insight in schizophrenia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1999;187:119–122
  29. Mathews CG, Klove N. Instruction Manual for the Adult Neuropsychological Test Battery. Madison Wisc: University of Madison Medical School; 1964;
  30. McEvoy JP, Johnson J, Perkins D, et al. Insight in first-episode psychosis. Psychol. Med. 2006;36:1385–1393
  31. McGorry PD, McConville SB. Insight in psychosis: an elusive target. Compr. Psych. 1999;40:131–142
  32. Mintz AR, Dobson KS, Romney DM. Insight in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 2003;61:75–88
  33. Mintz AR, Addington J, Addington D. Insight in early psychosis: a 1-year follow-up. Schizophr. Res. 2004;67:213–217
  34. Morgan KD, Tarrant J, Dazzan P, et al. Poor insight, diagnosis, symptoms and mode of admission in AESOP first-onset study. Schizophr. Res. 2002;58:48
  35. Nuechterlein KH. Vigilance in schizophrenia and related disorders. In:  Steinhauer SR,  Gruzelier JH,  Zubin J editor. Handbook of Schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology and Information Processing. vol. 5:Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1991;p. 397–433
  36. Reitan R, Wolfson D. The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Tucson AZ: Neuropsychology Press; 1985;
  37. Rey A. L'examen clinique en psychologie. Paris: Presse Universitaire de France; 1958;
  38. Smith TE, Hull JW, Israel LM, Willson DF. Insight, symptoms, and neurocognition in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr. Bull. 2000;26:193–200
  39. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB. The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R SCID, I. History, rationale, and description. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1992;49:624–629
  40. Startup M. Insight and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: evidence for a curvilinear relationship. Psychol. Med. 1996;26:1277–1281
  41. Tait L, Birchwood M, Tower P. Predicting engagement with services for psychosis: insight, symptoms and recovery style. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2003;182:123–128
  42. Thompson KN, McGorry PD, Harrigan SM. Reduced awareness of illness in first-episode psychosis. Compr. Psychiatry. 2001;42:498–503
  43. Tombaugh TN, Kozak J, Rees L. Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 1999;14:167–177
  44. Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale Revised. New York: The Psychological Corporation; 1987;

PII: S0920-9964(06)00411-7

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.09.018

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 89, Issue 1 , Pages 123-128 , January 2007