Schizophrenia Research
Volume 89, Issue 1 , Pages 129-139 , January 2007

Remission in early psychosis: Rates, predictors, and clinical and functional outcome correlates

  • Robin Emsley

      Affiliations

    • University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
  • ,
  • Jonathan Rabinowitz

      Affiliations

    • Bar Ilan University, Israel
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +972 9 748 3679; fax: +972 9 740 1318.
  • ,
  • Rossella Medori

      Affiliations

    • Janssen-Cilag EMEA, Beerse, Belgium
  • ,
  • Early Psychosis Global Working Group

Received 23 June 2006 ,Revised 12 September 2006 ,Accepted 12 September 2006.

References 

  1. Addington J, Addington D. Premorbid functioning, cognitive functioning, symptoms and outcome in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 1993;18:18–23
  2. Agid O, Kapur S, Arenovich T, et al. Delayed-onset hypothesis of antipsychotic action: a hypothesis tested and rejected. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2003;60:1228–1235
  3. Andreasen NC, Carpenter WT, Kane JM, et al. Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162:441–449
  4. Angermeyer MC, Kuhn L, Goldstein JM. Gender and the course of schizophrenia: differences in treated outcomes. Schizophr. Bull. 1990;16:293–307
  5. Auslander LA, Jeste DV. Sustained remission of schizophrenia among community-dwelling older outpatients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2004;161:1490–1493
  6. Becker M, Diamond R, Sainfort F. A new patient focused index for measuring quality of life in persons with severe and persistent mental illness. Qual. Life Res. 1993;2:239–251
  7. Breier A, Schreiber JL, Dyer J, et al. National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal study of chronic schizophrenia. Prognosis and predictors of outcome. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1991;48:239–246
  8. Cannon-Spoor HE, Potkin SG, Wyatt RJ. Measurement of premorbid adjustment in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1982;8:470–484
  9. Chouinard G, Margolese HC. Manual for the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS). Schizophr. Res. 2005;76:247–265
  10. Coldham EL, Addington J, Addington D. Medication adherence of individuals with a first episode of psychosis. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2002;106:286–290
  11. Correll CU, Malhotra AK, Kaushik S, et al. Early prediction of antipsychotic response in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2003;160:2063–2065
  12. Csernansky JG, Mahmoud R, Brenner R. A comparison of risperidone and haloperidol for the prevention of relapse in patients with schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002;346:16–22
  13. Emsley RA, Oosthuizen PP, Joubert AF, et al. Depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1999;60:747–751
  14. Emsley R, Rabinowitz J, Torreman M. The factor structure for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in recent-onset psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 2003;61:47–57
  15. Emsley R, Rabinowitz J, Medori R. Time course for antipsychotic treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2006;163:743–745
  16. Gitlin M, Nuechterlein K, Subotnik KL, et al. Clinical outcome following neuroleptic discontinuation in patients with remitted recent-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:1835–1842
  17. Guy, W. (1976) ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology (Revised edn). pp. 534–537. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health: US Department of Health Education and Welfare.
  18. Haas GL, Sweeney JA. Premorbid and onset features of first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1992;18:373–386
  19. Harrow M, Jobe TH. Longitudinal studies of outcome and recovery in schizophrenia and early intervention: can they make a difference?. Can. J. Psychiatry. 2005;50:879–880
  20. Harvey PD, Rabinowitz J, Eerdekens M, et al. Treatment of cognitive impairment in early psychosis: a comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in a large long-term trial. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162:1888–1895
  21. Hogan TP, Awad AG. Drug Attitude Inventory. In: Handbook of Psychiatric Measures. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000;p. 509–513
  22. Jobe TH, Harrow M. Long-term outcome of patients with schizophrenia: a review. Can. J. Psychiatry. 2005;50:892–900
  23. Kapur S, Arenovich T, Agid O, et al. Evidence for onset of antipsychotic effects within the first 24 hours of treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162:939–946
  24. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1987;13:261–276
  25. Kopelowicz A, Liberman RP, Ventura J, et al. Neurocognitive correlates of recovery from schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 2005;35:1165–1173
  26. Leucht S, Busch R, Hamann J, et al. Early-onset hypothesis of antipsychotic drug action: a hypothesis tested, confirmed and extended. Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;57:1543–1549
  27. Lieberman JA. Prediction of outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1993;54:13–17(Suppl.)
  28. Lieberman J, Jody D, Geisler S, et al. Time course and biologic correlates of treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1993;50:369–376
  29. Lieberman JA, Phillips M, Gu H, et al. Atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs in treatment-naive first-episode schizophrenia: a 52-week randomized trial of clozapine vs chlorpromazine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28:995–1003
  30. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;353:1209–1223
  31. Lieh-Mak F, Lee PW. Cognitive deficit measures in schizophrenia: factor structure and clinical correlates. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1997;154:39–46
  32. Malla AK, Norman RM, Schmitz N, et al. Predictors of rate and time to remission in first-episode psychosis: a two-year outcome study. Psychol. Med. 2006;36:649–658
  33. Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, et al. Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2005;62:975–983
  34. Oosthuizen P, Emsley RA, Roberts MC, et al. Depressive symptoms at baseline predict fewer negative symptoms at follow-up in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2002;58:247–252
  35. Perkins DO, Gu H, Boteva K, et al. Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162:1785–1804
  36. Robinson DG, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, et al. Predictors of treatment response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:544–549
  37. Robinson DG, Woerner MG, McMeniman M, et al. Symptomatic and functional recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2004;161:473–479
  38. Schooler N, Rabinowitz J, Davidson M, et al. Risperidone and haloperidol in first episode psychosis: a long-term randomized trial. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2005;162:947–953
  39. Seeman MV. Current outcome in schizophrenia: women vs men. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1986;73:609–617
  40. Stern RG, Kahn RS, Davidson M. Predictors of response to neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1993;16:313–338
  41. Stroup TS, Lieberman JA, McEvoy JP, et al. Effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia following discontinuation of a previous atypical antipsychotic. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2006;163:611–622
  42. Subotnik KL, Nuechterlein KH, Irzhevsky V, et al. Is unawareness of psychotic disorder a neurocognitive or psychological defensiveness problem?. Schizophr. Res. 2005;75:147–157
  43. The-Scottish-Schizophrenia-Research-Group. The Scottish First Episode Schizophrenia Study. II. Treatment: pimozide versus flupenthixol. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1987;150:334–338
  44. van Os J, Burns T, Cavallaro R, et al. Standardized remission criteria in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2006;113:91–95
  45. Verdoux H, Liraud F, Bergey C, et al. Is the association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome confounded? A two year follow-up study of first-admitted patients. Schizophr. Res. 2001;49:231–241
  46. Wahlbeck K, Tuunainen A, Ahokas A, et al. Dropout rates in randomised antipsychotic drug trials. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001;155:230–233

 The randomized controlled drug trial presented in this paper was funded by Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development. The study included the following investigators and locations: Australia - P. McGorry (Melbourne); T. Lambert (Bentley); J. Kulkarni (Dandenong); Austria - W. Fleischhacker (Innsbruck); Canada - D. Addington (Calgary); L. Kopala (Halifax); R. Williams (Calgary); G. Chouinard (Montreal); A. Labelle (Ottawa); A. Malla (London); S. Purdon (Edmonton); M. Saxena (Hamilton); V. Nair (Montreal); R. Matte (Sherbrooke); S. Johnson (St. John's); L. Beauclair (Montreal); Finland - K. Lehtinen (Tampere); France - E.R. Lombertie (Limoges); J-A. Meynard (La Rochelle); Germany - H. Freyberger (Stralsund); H-J. Möller (Munich); Israel - A. Caspi; M. Davidson (Ramat-Gan); A. Elitzur (Bat-Yam); M. Kotler (Beer Sheva); I. Treves (Hod-Hasharon); A. Weizman (Petach-Tikva); Netherlands - P. Dries (Portugal); New Zealand - D. Codyre (Auckland); South Africa - R. Emsley (Cape Town); C. Gagiano (Bloemfontein); United Kingdom - M. Reveley (Leicester); T. Sharma (London); United States of America - J. Csernansky (St. Louis); L. DeLisi (Stony Brook); J. Lauriello (Albuquerque); T. Manschreck (Fall River); J. Pahl (Oklahoma City); N. Schooler, M. Keshavan (Pittsburgh); S. Schulz (Cleveland); S. Targum (Philadelphia); S. Risch (Charleston).

PII: S0920-9964(06)00405-1

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.09.013

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 89, Issue 1 , Pages 129-139 , January 2007