Schizophrenia Research
Volume 89, Issue 1 , Pages 101-109 , January 2007

The distribution of positive psychosis-like symptoms in the population: A latent class analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey

  • Mark Shevlin

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, University of Ulster at Magee College, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. School of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster at Magee Campus, L'Derry, BT48 7JL, Northern Ireland, UK. Tel.: +44 28 71 375619.
    • ,
  • Jamie Murphy

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, University of Ulster at Magee College, UK
    • ,
  • Martin J. Dorahy

      Affiliations

    • The Trauma Resource Centre, North and West Belfast HSS Trust, UK
    • School of Psychology, The Queen's University of Belfast, UK
    • ,
  • Gary Adamson

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, University of Ulster at Magee College, UK

Received 7 June 2006 ,Revised 7 August 2006 ,Accepted 15 September 2006.

References 

  1. Akaike H. Factor analysis and the AIC. Psychometrika. 1987;52:317–332
  2. Bijl RV, van Zessen G, Ravelli A, de Rijk C, en Langendoen Y. The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS): objectives and design. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1998;33:581–586
  3. Birchwood M, McGorry PD, Jackson H. Early intervention in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;170:2–5
  4. Bollen KA. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: Wiley; 1989;
  5. Cottler LB, Robins LN, Grant BF, Blaine J, Towle LH, Wittchen HU, et al. The CIDI-core substance abuse and dependence questions: Cross-cultural and nosological issues. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;159:653–658
  6. Drury V, Birchwood M, Cochrane R, Macmillan F. Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial. 1. Impact on psychotic symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;169:593–601
  7. Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Freeman D, Bebbington PE. A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine. 2001;31:189–195
  8. Haddock G, Morrison AP, Hopkins R, Lewis S, Tarrier N. Individual cognitive-behavioural interventions in early psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;172(suppl. 33):101–106
  9. Hanssen MSS, Bijl RV, Vollebergh W, Van Os J. Self-reported psychotic experiences in the general population: a valid screening tool for DSM-III-R psychotic disorders?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003;10:369–377
  10. Janca A, Robins LN, Cottler LB, Early TS. Clinical observation of CIDI assessments: an analysis of the CIDI field trials-Wave II at the St. Louis site. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;160:815–818
  11. Johns LC, van Os J. The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clinical Psychology Review. 2001;21:1125–1141
  12. Johns LC, Nazroo JY, Bebbington P, Kuipers E. Occurrence of hallucinatory experiences in a community sample and ethnic variations. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;180:174–178
  13. Kendler KS, Gallagher TJ, Abelson JM, Kessler RC. Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample: the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1996;53:1022–1031
  14. Kessler RC. The National Comorbidity Survey of the United States. International Review of Psychiatry. 1994;6:365–376
  15. Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, van Os J. The expanding psychosis phenotype. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy. 2004;4:411–420
  16. Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Bak M, van Os J. Explaining transitions over the hypothesized psychosis continuum. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;39:180–186
  17. Leung A, Chue P. Sex differences in schizophrenia, a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 2000;401:3–38
  18. Lo Y, Mendell N, Rubin DB. Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika. 2001;88:767–778
  19. Morrison AP, Bentall RP, French P, Walford L, Kilcommons A, Knight A, et al. Randomised control trial of early detection and cognitive therapy for preventing transition to psychosis in high risk individuals. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;181:s78–s84
  20. Morrison AP, Frame L, Larkin W. Relationship between trauma and psychosis: a review and integration. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003;42:331–353
  21. Muthén L, Muthén B. Mplus User Guide. Los Angeles: Statmodel; 2004;
  22. Ramaswamy V, DeSarbo W, Reibstein D, Robinson W. An empirical pooling approach for estimating marketing mix elasticities with PIMS data. Marketing Science. 1993;12:103–124
  23. Read J, Agar L, Argyle N, Aderhold V. Sexual and physical assaults during childhood and adulthood as predictors of hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 2004;76:1–22
  24. Read J, Mosher LR, Bentall RP. Models of Madness: Psychological, Social and Biological Approaches to Schizophrenia. New York: Brunner-Routledge; 2004;
  25. Read J, van Os J, Morrison AP, Ross CA. Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2005;112:330–350
  26. Roy MA, Maziade M, Labbe A, Merette C. Male gender is associated with deficit schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research. 2001;47:141–147
  27. Schultz SK, Miller DD, Oliver SE, Arndt S, Flaum M, Andreasen NC. The life course of schizophrenia: age and symptom dimensions. Schizophrenia Research. 1997;23:15–23
  28. Schwartz G. Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics. 1978;6:461–464
  29. Sclove SL. Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika. 1987;52:333–343
  30. In:  Semler G,  Cranach M,  von Wittchen HU editor. Comparison Between the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Present State Examination Report to the WHO/ADAMHA Task Force on Instrument Development. 1987;
  31. Sharma RP, Dowd SM, Janicak PG. Hallucinations in the acute schizophrenic-type psychosis: effects of gender and age of illness onset. Schizophrenia Research. 1999;37:91–95
  32. Shevlin, M., Dorahy, M.J., Adamson, G., in press. Childhood Traumas and Hallucinations: An analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Psychiatric Research. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.03.004.
  33. Spengler P, Wittchen HU. Procedural validity of standardized symptom questions for the assessment of psychotic symptoms: a comparison of the CIDI with two clinical methods. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1989;29:309–322
  34. Tanaka JS. “How big is big enough?” Sample size and goodness off fit in structural equation models with latent variables. Child Development. 1987;58:134–146
  35. Van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Ravelli A. Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population?. Schizophrenia Research. 2000;45:11–20
  36. Van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Vollebergh W. Prevalence of psychotic disorder and community level of psychotic symptoms: an urban-rural comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001;58:663–668
  37. Wacker HR, Battegay R, Mullejans R, Schlosser C. Using the CIDI-C in the general population. In:  Stefanis CN,  Rabavilas AD,  Soldatos CR editor. Psychiatry: A World Perspective. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers BV; 1990;
  38. Weiser M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Kaplan Z, Mark M, Bodner E, et al. Association between nonpsychotic psychiatric diagnoses in adolescent males and subsequent onset of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001;58:959–964
  39. Wittchen H-U, Kessler RC. Modifications of the CIDI in the National Comorbidity Survey: The Development of the UM-CIDI: NCS Working Paper #2. 1994;Available at: http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu%20/ncs/ftpdir/um-cidi.pdf/. Accessed July 2005
  40. Wittchen HU, Robins LN, Cottler LB, Sartorius N, Burke JD, Regier DA Participants in the Multicentere WHO/ADAMHA Field Trials. Cross-cultural feasibility, reliability and sources of variance in the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). British Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;159:645–653
  41. World Health Organization . Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), Version 1.0. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1990;
  42. Yung A, McGorry PD. The prodromal phase of first episode psychosis: past and current conceptualisations. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1996;22:353–370
  43. Yung AR, Phillips LJ, McGorry PD, McFarlane CA, Francey S, Harrigan S, et al. Prediction of psychosis: a step towards indicated prevention of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 1998;172:14–20

PII: S0920-9964(06)00401-4

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.09.014

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 89, Issue 1 , Pages 101-109 , January 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution