Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis

Weinberg, Seth M.; Jenkins, Elizabeth A.; Marazita, Mary L.; Maher, Brion S.

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.09.002

« Previous Next »Schizophrenia Research
Volume 89, Issue 1 , Pages 72-85, January 2007

Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis

Seth M. Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Corresponding author. 100 Technology Drive, Suite 500, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. Tel.: +1 412 648 9206; fax: +1 412 648 8779.
Elizabeth A. Jenkins
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
Mary L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
Brion S. Maher
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA

Received 9 June 2006; received in revised form 30 August 2006; accepted 6 September 2006. published online 03 November 2006.

Abstract

Numerous studies report an increased frequency of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) in schizophrenic individuals compared with controls. However, these studies vary considerably regarding the magnitude of the case-control disparity and the topographical distribution of the anomalies. A meta-analysis was carried out on the existing MPA literature in an effort to better understand the relationship between MPAs and schizophrenia. Following a literature search, 13 studies were identified that met our inclusion criteria. Mean total MPA scores were available for 11 of these studies, whereas only seven studies provided regional MPA scores. For both the total MPA and regional MPA analyses, pooled effect sizes (Hedges' g and pooled odds ratios, respectively) were calculated along with tests of heterogeneity. For the total MPA analyses, a meta-regression approach was used to explore the relationship between possible moderator variables (e.g., number of MPA scale items) and effect size heterogeneity. The magnitude of the pooled effect size for the total MPA scores was high (1.131; p<0.001), indicating significantly more overall MPAs in schizophrenic individuals. Significant effect size heterogeneity was present (p<0.001); however, this heterogeneity could not be explained by any of the included moderator variables. The regional MPA analysis revealed significantly increased MPAs in all six anatomical regions (p<0.05), although the pooled odds ratios for these regions did not differ significantly from one another. These results suggest a lack of regional specificity for MPAs in schizophrenia.