Schizophrenia Research
Volume 88, Issue 1 , Pages 82-89 , December 2006

Physical comorbidity, insight, quality of life and global functioning in first episode schizophrenia: A 24-month, longitudinal outcome study

  • Kang Sim

      Affiliations

    • Department of Adult Psychiatry, Woodbridge Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, 10, Buangkok View, 539747 Singapore
    • Department of Early Psychosis Intervention, Woodbridge Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Adult Psychiatry, Woodbridge Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, 10, Buangkok View, 539747 Singapore. Tel.: +65 63892000; fax: +65 63855900.
  • ,
  • Yiong Huak Chan

      Affiliations

    • Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  • ,
  • Thiam Hee Chua

      Affiliations

    • Department of Adult Psychiatry, Woodbridge Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, 10, Buangkok View, 539747 Singapore
  • ,
  • Rathi Mahendran

      Affiliations

    • Department of Adult Psychiatry, Woodbridge Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, 10, Buangkok View, 539747 Singapore
  • ,
  • Siow Ann Chong

      Affiliations

    • Department of Early Psychosis Intervention, Woodbridge Hospital/ Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
  • ,
  • Patrick McGorry

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and ORYGEN Research Centre, Australia

Received 11 April 2006 ,Revised 7 July 2006 ,Accepted 8 July 2006.

References 

  1. Amador XF, Flaum M, Andreasen NC. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective and mood disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51:826–836
  2. Corcoran C, Walker E, Huot R, Mittal V, Tessner K, Kestler L, et al. The stress cascade and schizophrenia: etiology and onset. Schizophr. Bull. 2003;29:671–692
  3. Cournos F, Guido JR, Coomaraswamy S, Meyer-Bahlburg H, Sugden R, Horwath E. Sexual activity and risk of HIV infection among patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1994;151:228–232
  4. Davidson M. Risk of cardiovascular disease and sudden death in schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2002;63:s5–s11
  5. Davidson S, Judd F, Jolley D, Hocking B, Thompson S, Hyland B. Risk factors for HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C among the chronic mentally ill. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 2001;35:203–209
  6. Day JC, Bentall RP, Roberts C, Randall F, Rogers A, Cattell D, et al. Attitudes toward antipsychotic medication: the impact of clinical variables and relationships with health professionals. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2005;62:717–724
  7. De Hert M, Hautekeete M, De Wilde D, Peuskens J. High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in institutionalized schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Res. 1997;26:243–244
  8. Dickerson FB, Goldberg RW, Brown CH, Kreyenbuhl JA, Wohlheiter K, Fang L, et al. Diabetes knowledge among persons with serious mental illness and type 2 diabetes. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:418–424
  9. Dixon L, Postrado L, Delahanty J, Fischer PJ, Lehman A. The association of medical comorbidity in schizophrenia with poor physical and mental health. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1999;187:496–502
  10. Dixon L, Weiden P, Delahanty J, Goldberg R, Postrado L, Lucksted A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in national schizophrenia samples. Schizophr. Bull. 2000;26:903–912
  11. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis I Disorders, Patient Edition (SCID-P), Version 2. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research; 1994;
  12. Goh KT. Prevention and control of hepatitis B virus infection in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 1997;26:671–681
  13. Goldman LS. Medical illness in patients with schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1999;60(Supp21):s10–s15
  14. Gupta S, Masand PS, Kaplan D, Bhandary A, Hendricks S. The relationship between schizophrenia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Schizophr. Res. 1997;23:265–268
  15. Hall RC, Gardner ER, Popkin MK, Lecann AF, Stickney SK. Unrecognized physical illness prompting psychiatric admission: a prospective study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1981;138:629–635
  16. Hasson-Ohayon I, Kravetz S, Roe D, David AS, Weiser M. Insight into psychosis and quality of life. Compr. Psychiatry. 2006;47:265–269
  17. Herrman H, Hawthorne G, Thomas R. Quality of life assessment in people living with psychosis. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2002;37:510–518
  18. Hofer A, Kemmler G, Eder U, Edlinger M, Hummer M, Fleischhacker WW. Quality of life in schizophrenia: the impact of psychopathology, attitude toward medication, and side effects. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2004;65:932–939
  19. Joseph R, Ho LY, Gomez JM, Rajdurai VS, Sivasankaran S, Yip YY. Mass newborn screening for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Singapore. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 1999;30(Suppl 2):70–71
  20. Josiassen RC, Schindler B. Medical comorbidity and schizophrenia: editors' introduction. Schizophr. Bull. 1996;22:411–412
  21. Kamali M, Kelly BD, Clarke M, Browne S, Gervin M, Kinsella A, et al. A prospective evaluation of adherence to medication in first episode schizophrenia. Eur. Psychiatr. 2006;21:29–33
  22. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1987;13:261–276
  23. Kendrick T. Cardiovascular and respiratory risk factors and symptoms among general practice patients with long-term mental illness. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1996;169:733–739
  24. Koran LM, Sox HC, Marton KI, Moltzen S, Sox CH, Kraemer HC, et al. Medical evaluation of psychiatric patients. I. Results in a state mental health system. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1989;46:733–740
  25. Koranyi EK. Morbidity and rate of undiagnosed physical illnesses in a psychiatric clinic population. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1979;36:414–419
  26. Leckman JF, Sholomskas D, Thompson WD, Belanger A, Weissman MM. Best estimate of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis: a methodological study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39:879–883
  27. Lobban F, Barrowclough C, Jones S. The impact of beliefs about mental health problems and coping on outcome in schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 2004;34:1165–1176
  28. Lyketsos CG, Dunn G, Kaminsky MJ, Breakey WR. Medical comorbidity in psychiatric inpatients: relation to clinical outcomes and hospital length of stay. Psychosomatics. 2002;43:24–30
  29. Meltzer HY, Davidson M, Glassman AH, Vieweg WV. Assessing cardiovascular risks versus clinical benefits of atypical antipsychotic drug treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2002;63(Suppl 9):25–29
  30. Ministry of Health . In: National Health Surveillance Survey 2001. Singapore: Epidemiology and Disease Control Division; 2001;p. 38–41
  31. Nasrallah HA. Factors in antipsychotic drug selection: tolerability considerations. CNS Spectr. 2003;8:23–25
  32. Ng TP. Adult asthma prevalence, morbidity and mortality and their relationships with environmental and medical care factors in Singapore. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 1999;17:127–135
  33. Saxena S, Carlson D, Billington R. The WHO quality of life assessment instrument (WHOQOL-Bref): the importance of its items for cross-cultural research. Qual. Life Res. 2001;10:711–721
  34. Schwartz RC, Cohen BN, Grubaugh A. Does insight affect long-term impatient treatment outcome in chronic schizophrenia?. Compr. Psychiatry. 1997;38:283–288
  35. Sernyak MJ, Leslie DL, Alarcon RD, Losonczy MF, Rosenheck R. Association of diabetes mellitus with use of atypical neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2002;159:561–566
  36. Sokal J, Messias E, Dickerson FB, Kreyenbuhl J, Brown CH, Goldberg RW, et al. Comorbidity of medical illnesses among adults with serious mental illness who are receiving community psychiatric services. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2004;192:421–427
  37. Stefan MD, Catalan J. Psychiatric patients and HIV infection: a new population at risk?. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1995;167:721–727
  38. Strakowski SM, Keck PE, McElroy SL, Lonczak HS, West SA. Chronology of comorbid and principal syndromes in first-episode psychosis. Compr. Psychiatry. 1995;36:106–112
  39. Tan KH, Tan TY, Tan J, Tan I, Chew SK, Yeo GS. Birth defects in Singapore: 1994–2000. Singap. Med. J. 2005;46:545–552
  40. Tay YK, Khoo BP, Goh CL. The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis at a tertiary referral skin center in Singapore. Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol. 1999;17:137–141
  41. The WHOQOL Group . Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychol. Med. 1998;28:551–558
  42. Ucok A, Polat A, Cakir S, Genc A. One year outcome in first episode schizophrenia. Predictors of relapse. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2006;256:37–43
  43. Wong TY, Tielsch JM, Schein OD. Racial difference in the incidence of retinal detachment in Singapore. Arch. Ophthalmol. 1999;117:379–383
  44. Yao G, Chung CW, Yu CF, Wang JD. Development and verification of validity and reliability of the WHOQOL-BREF Taiwan version. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2002;101:342–351

PII: S0920-9964(06)00324-0

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.07.004

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 88, Issue 1 , Pages 82-89 , December 2006