Schizophrenia Research
Volume 86, Issue 1 , Pages 80-88 , September 2006

The conviction of delusional beliefs scale: Reliability and validity

  • Dennis R. Combs

      Affiliations

    • University of Tulsa, Department of Psychology, Lorton Hall, Room 308, 600 South College Ave. Tulsa, OK 74104, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 918 631 2751; fax: +1 918 631 2833.
    • ,
  • Scott D. Adams

      Affiliations

    • University of Tulsa, Department of Psychology, Lorton Hall, Room 308, 600 South College Ave. Tulsa, OK 74104, United States
    • ,
  • Christopher O. Michael

      Affiliations

    • University of Tulsa, Department of Psychology, Lorton Hall, Room 308, 600 South College Ave. Tulsa, OK 74104, United States
    • ,
  • David L. Penn

      Affiliations

    • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
    • ,
  • Michael R. Basso

      Affiliations

    • University of Tulsa, Department of Psychology, Lorton Hall, Room 308, 600 South College Ave. Tulsa, OK 74104, United States
    • ,
  • Wm. Drew Gouvier

      Affiliations

    • Louisiana State University, Department of Psychology, Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States

Received 7 February 2006 ,Revised 9 June 2006 ,Accepted 14 June 2006.

References 

  1. Amador X, David A. Insight and Psychosis: Awareness of Illness in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders. Oxford Press; 2004;
  2. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. fourth ed.. Washington: APA; 2000;text revision
  3. Appelbaum PS, Robbins PC, Roth LH. Dimensional approach to delusions: comparison across types and diagnoses. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156(12):1938–1943
  4. Appelbaum PS, Robbins PC, Vesselinov R. Persistence and stability of delusions over time. Compr. Psychiatry. 2004;45(5):317–324
  5. Bentall RP, Kaney S. Abnormalities of self-representation and persecutory delusions: a test of the cognitive model of paranoia. Psychol. Med. 1996;26:1231–1237
  6. Birchwood M, Smith J, Drury V, Healy J, Macmillan F, Slade M. A self-report insight scale for psychosis: reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1994;89(1):62–67
  7. Bouchard S, Vallieres A, Roy MA, Maziade M. Cognitive restructuring in the treatment of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia: a critical analysis. Behav. Ther. 1996;27:257–277
  8. Brett-Jones J, Garety P, Hemsley D. Measuring delusional experiences: a method and its application. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 1987;26:257–265
  9. Cather C, Penn D, Otto MW, Goff DC. Advances in the cognitive–behavioral treatment of schizophrenia: a focus on delusions. J. Cogn. Psychother.: Int. Q. 2004;18:207–221
  10. Cather C, Penn D, Otto MW, Yovel I, Mueser KT, Goff DC. A pilot study of functional cognitive behavioral therapy for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2005;74:201–209
  11. Chadwick PD, Lowe CF. Measurement and modification of delusional beliefs. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1990;58(2):225–232
  12. Combs DR, Penn DL, Gouvier WD. The preliminary development of the conviction of delusional beliefs scale. In: Presentation at the Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Reno, NV. 2002;
  13. Combs DR, Adams SD, Michael CO, Penn DL, Basso MR. The further development and validation of the conviction of delusional beliefs scale. In: Presentation at the Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Washington, DC. 2005;
  14. Devillis RF. Guidelines for scale development. In:  Devillis RF editors. Scale Development: Theory and Application. Newbury Park: Sage Publications; 1991;
  15. Eisen JL, Phillips KA, Baer L, Beer DA, Atala KD, Rasmussen SA. The Brown assessment of beliefs scale: reliability and validity. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1998;155(1):102–108
  16. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders — Patient Edition. New York: Biometrics Research Department; 2001;
  17. Freeman D, Garety PA. Worry, worry processes and dimensions of delusions: an exploratory investigation of a role for anxiety in the maintenance of delusional distress. Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 1999;27:47–62
  18. Freeman D, Garety PA, Fowler D, Kuipers E, Dunn G, Fowler D, et al. The London–East Anglia randomized controlled trial of cognitive–behavioral therapy for psychosis. IV: self-esteem and persecutory delusions. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 1998;37:415–430
  19. Freeman D, Garety PA, Kuipers E. Persecutory delusions: developing the understanding of belief maintenance and emotion distress. Psychol. Med. 2001;31:1293–1306
  20. Freeman D, Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Bebbington PE. A cognitive model of persecutory delusions. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 2002;41:331–347
  21. Freeman D, Garety PA, Fowler D, Kuipers E, Bebbington PE, Dunn G. Why do people with delusions fail to choose more realistic explanations for their experiences? An empirical investigation. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2004;72:671–680
  22. Garety PA, Hemsley DR. Characteristics of delusional experience. Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Neurol. Sci. 1987;236:294–298
  23. Garety PA, Freeman D, Jolley A, Dunn G, Bebbington PE, Fowler DG, et al. Reasoning, emotions, and delusional conviction in psychosis. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 2005;114(3):373–384
  24. Groth-Marnat G. Handbook of Psychological Assessment. third ed.. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1997;
  25. Haddock G, Tarrier N, Spaulding W, Yusupoff L, Kinney C, McCarthy E. Individual cognitive-behavior therapy in the treatment of hallucinations and delusions: a review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 1998;18(7):821–838
  26. Haddock G, McCarron J, Tarrier N, Faragher EB. Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions: the psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS). Psychol. Med. 1999;29(4):879–889
  27. Hole RW, Rush AJ, Beck AT. A cognitive investigation of schizophrenic delusions. Psychiatry. 1979;42(4):312–319
  28. Jaspers, K., 1968. General Psychopathology (1923). Translated by Hoenig J, Hamilton MW. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  29. Kendler KS, Glazer WM, Morgenstern H. Dimensions of delusional experience. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1983;140(4):466–469
  30. Kinderman P, Bentall RP. Self-discrepancies and persecutory delusions: evidence for a model of paranoid ideation. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1996;105(1):106–113
  31. Kinderman P, Bentall RP. Causal attributions in paranoia and depression: internal, personal, and situations attributions for negative events. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1997;106(2):341–345
  32. Kingdon DG, Turkington D. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy of Schizophrenia. second ed.. New York: Guilford Press; 2005;
  33. Leeser J, O'Donohue W. What is a delusion? Epistemological dimensions. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1999;108:687–694
  34. Lukoff D, Nuechterlein KH, Ventura J. Manual for the expanded brief psychiatric rating scale. Schizophr. Bull. 1986;12:594–602
  35. Manschreck TC. Delusional disorder: the recognition and management of paranoia. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1996;57:32–38
  36. Martin JA, Penn DL. Attributional style in outpatients with schizophrenia with and without persecutory delusions. Schizophr. Bull. 2002;28:131–141
  37. McKay, R., Langdon, R., Coltheart, M., in press. The defensive function of persecutory delusions: An investigation using the implicit association test. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry.
  38. Mortiz, S., Werner, R., Collani, G., in press. The inferiority complex in paranoia re-addressed. A study with the implicit association test. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry.
  39. Mueser KT, Curran PJ, McHugo GJ. Factor structure of the brief psychiatric rating scale in schizophrenia. Psychol. Assess. 1997;9:196–204
  40. Mullen R. Delusions: the continuum versus category debate. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 2003;37(5):505–511
  41. Nunnally JC, Bernstein I. Psychometric Theory. third ed.. New York: McGraw Hill Press; 1994;
  42. Peters E, Joseph S, Day S, Garety P. Measuring delusional ideation: the 21-item Peters et al., Delusions Inventory. Schizophr. Bull. 2004;30(4):1005–1022
  43. Roberts G. Delusional belief systems and meaning in life: a preferred reality. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1991;14:19–28
  44. Sharp HM, Fear CF, Williams MG, Healy D, Lowe CF, Yeadon H, et al. Delusional phenomenology — dimensions of change. Behav. Res. Ther. 1996;34:123–142
  45. Stoll FJ, Rattenbury FR, Harrow M, Kettering R. A multidimensional approach to schizophrenic delusions. In:  Grinker RR,  Harrow M editor. Clinical Research in Schizophrenia: A Multidimensional Approach. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas; 1987;
  46. Strauss JS. Hallucinations and delusions as points on continua function: rating scale evidence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1969;21(5):581–586
  47. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. third ed.. New York: Harper-Collins Press; 1996;
  48. Taylor PJ, Garety PA, Buchanan A, Reed A, Wessely S, Ray K, et al. Delusions and violence, in violence and mental disorder. In:  Monahan J,  Steadman HJ editor. Developments in Risk Assessment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1992;
  49. Thurber S, Snow M, Honts CR. The Zung self-rating depression scale: convergent validity and diagnostic discrimination. Assessment. 2002;9:401–405
  50. van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Ravelli A. Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population?. Schizophr. Res. 2000;45(1–2):11–20
  51. Ventura J, Green MF, Shaner A, Liberman RP. Training and quality assurance with the brief psychiatric rating scale: ‘the drift busters’. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 1993;3:221–244
  52. Verdoux H, van Os J. Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 2002;54(1–2):59–65
  53. Wilkinson GS. Wide Range Achievement Test Administration Manual. third ed.. Wilmington: Wide Range, Inc; 1993;
  54. Woods SW. Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2003;64:663–667
  55. Zung WW. A self-rating depression scale. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1965;12:63–70

PII: S0920-9964(06)00292-1

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.023

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 86, Issue 1 , Pages 80-88 , September 2006

Article Tools