Schizophrenia Research
Volume 81, Issue 1 , Pages 17-27 , 1 January 2006

Does negative symptom change relate to neurocognitive change in schizophrenia? Implications for targeted treatments

  • Morris D. Bell

      Affiliations

    • Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
    • Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Psychology Service 116B, VACHS, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA. Tel.: +1 203 932 5711x2281; fax: +1 203 937 4883.
    • ,
  • Aaron L. Mishara

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

Received 13 July 2005 ,Revised 20 September 2005 ,Accepted 23 September 2005.

References 

  1. Addington J, Addington D. Neurocognitive functioning in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1998;29:50
  2. Addington J, Addington D, Maticka-Tyndale E. Cognitive functioning and positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1991;5:123–134
  3. Addington J, Addington D, Gasbbarre L. Distractability and symptoms in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 1997;22:180–184
  4. Aleman A, Hijman R, de Haan E, Kahn R. Memory impairment in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156:1358–1366
  5. Allen HA, Liddle PF, Frith CD. Negative features, retrieval processes and verbal fluency in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;163:769–775
  6. Andreasen NC. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa; 1984;
  7. Andreasen NC, Rezai K, Alliger R, Swayze VW, Flaum M, Kirchner P, et al. Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Assessment with xenon 133 single-photon emission computed tomography and the Tower of London. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992;49:943–958
  8. Basso MR, Nasrallah H, Olsen S, Bornstein R. Neuropsychological correlates of negative, disorganized and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1998;31:99–111
  9. Bell M, Lysaker P. Clinical benefits of paid work activity in schizophrenia: 1-year followup. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1997;23:317–328
  10. Bell MD, Lysaker PH, Goulet JG, Milstein RM, Lindenmayer JP. Five component model of schizophrenia: factorial invariance of the PANSS. Psychiatry Research. 1994;52:295–303
  11. Bell M, Bryson G, Lysaker P. Positive and negative affect recognition in schizophrenia: a comparison with substance abuse and normal control subjects. Psychiatry Research. 1997;73:73–82
  12. Bell M, Bryson G, Greig T, Corcoran C, Wexler BE. Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with work therapy, effects on neuropsychological test performance. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001;58:763–768
  13. Bell M, Lysaker P, Bryson G. A behavioral intervention to improve work performance in schizophrenia: work behavior inventory feedback. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation. 2003;18:43–50
  14. Berg EA. A simple objective test for measuring flexibility of thinking. Journal of General Psychology. 1948;39:15–22
  15. Berman I, Viegner B, Merson A, Allan E, Pappas D, Green AI. Differential relationships between positive and negative symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1997;25:1–10
  16. Bilder RM, Mukheeres R, Rider RO, Pandurangi AK. Symptomatic and neuropsychological component of defect states. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1985;11:409–419
  17. Bilder RM, Goldman RS, Robinson D, Reiter G, Bell L, Bates JS, et al. Neuropsychology of first-episode schizophrenia: initial characterization and clinical correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;157:549–559
  18. Bowie CR, Harvey PD, Moriarty PJ, Parrella M, White L, Davis KL. A comprehensive analysis of verbal fluency deficit in geriatric schizophrenia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2004;19:289–303
  19. Bozikas VP, Kosmidis MH, Kioperlidou K, Karavatos A. Relationship between psychopathology and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2004;45:392–400
  20. Braff DL, Heaton R, Kuck J, Cullum M, Moranville J, Grant I, et al. The generalised pattern of neuropsychological deficits in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia with heterogeneous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test results. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991;48:891–898
  21. Brandt J. The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test: development of a new memory test with six equivalent forms. Clinical Neuropsychology. 1991;5:125–142
  22. Breier A, Schreiber JL, Dyer J, Pickar D. National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal study of chronic schizophrenia: prognosis and predictors of outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991;48:239–246
  23. Brekke JS, Raine A, Thomson C. Cognitive and psychophysiological correlates of positive, negative and disorganized symptoms in the schizophrenia spectrum. Psychiatry Research. 1995;57:241–250
  24. Buchanan RW, Carpenter WT. Evaluating negative symptom treatment efficacy. In:  Keefe RSE,  McEvoy JP editor. Negative Symptom and Cognitive Deficit Treatment Response in Schizophrenia. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.; 2001;p. 1–18
  25. Buchanan RW, Strauss ME, Kirkpatrick B, Holstein C, Breier A, Carpenter WT. Neuropsychological impairments in deficit vs. nondeficit forms of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994;51:804–811
  26. Cadenhead KS, Geyer MA, Butler RW, Perry W, Sprocj J, Braff DL. Information processing deficits of schizophrenia patients: relationship to clinical ratings, gender and medication status. Schizophrenia Research. 1997;28:51–62
  27. Callicott JH, Bertolino A, Mattay VS, Langheim FJ, Duyn J, Coppola R, et al. Physiological dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia revisited. Cerebral Cortex. 2000;10:1078–1092
  28. Cameron AM, Oram J, Geffen GM, Kavanagh DJ, McGrath JJ, Geffen L. Working memory correlates of three symptom clusters in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 2002;110:49–61
  29. Carpenter WT, Heinrichs DW, Wagman AM. Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988;145:578–583
  30. Carter C, Robertson L, Nordahl T, Chadjerian M, Kraft L, O'Shora-Celaya L. Biological Psychiatry. 1996;40:930–932
  31. Censits DM, Ragland JD, Gur RC, Gur RE. Neuropsychological evidence supporting a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research. 1997;24:289–298
  32. Cicchetti DV, Sparrow SS. Development of criteria for establishing the interrater reliability of specific items in a given inventory: applications to assessment of adaptive behavior. American Journal of Mental Deficiency. 1981;86:127–137
  33. Corcoran R, Frith CD. Thematic reasoning and theory of mind. Accounting for social inference difficulties in schizophrenia. Evolutionary Psychology. 2005;3:1–19
  34. Corcoran R, Mercer G, Frith CD. Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference and social inference: investigating ‘theory of mind’ in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1995;24:397–405
  35. Cuesta MJ, Peralta V. Cognitive disorders in the positive, negative and disorganization syndromes of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 1995;58:227–235
  36. Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, Zarzuela A. Effects of olanzapine and other antipsychotics on cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research. 2001;48:17–28
  37. Delongis D. Continuous Performance Test. Santa Anita, CA: Wang Laboratories; 1991;
  38. Erkwoh R, Sabri O, Steinmeyer EM, et al. Psychopathological and SPECT findings in never-treated schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1997;96:51–57
  39. First M, Spitzer R, Gibbon M, Williams J. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID), Clinician Version. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1996;
  40. Gallagher HL, Frith CD. Functional imaging of a theory of mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2003;7:77–83
  41. Galletly CA, Clark CR, McFarlane AC, Weber DL. Relationships between changes in symptom ratings, neuropsychological test performance and quality of life in schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine. Psychiatry Research. 1997;72:161–166
  42. Goff DC, Evins AC. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: neurobiological models and treatment response. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1998;6:59–77
  43. Gold JM. Cognitive deficits as treatment targets in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;72:21–28
  44. Gold S, Arndt S, Nopoulos P, O'Leary DS, Andreasen NC. Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156:1342–1348
  45. Good KP, Rabbinowitz J, Whitehorn D, Harvey PD, DeSmedt G, Kopola LC. The relationship of neuropsycological performance with the PANSS in antipsychotic naïve, first episode psychosis patients. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;68:11–19
  46. Gooding DC, Tallent KA. Nonverbal working memory deficits in schizophrenia patients: evidence of a supramodal executive processing deficit. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;68:189–201
  47. Gorham D. The use of the proverbs test for differentiating schizophrenics from normals. Journal of Consulting Psychology. 1951;20:435–440
  48. Green M, Walker E. Susceptibility to backward masking in schizophrenia patients with positive or negative symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984;141:1273–1275
  49. Green M, Walker E. Neuropsychological performance and positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1985;94:460–469
  50. Green MF, Marshall BD, Wirshing WC, Ames D, Marder SR, McGurk S, et al. Does risperidone improve working memory in treatment-resistant schizophrenia?. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;154:799–804
  51. Greig TC, Bryson GJ, Bell MD. Theory of mind performance in schizophrenia: diagnostic, symptom, and neuropsychological correlates. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2004;192:12–18
  52. Hagger C, Buckley P, Kenney JT, Friedman L, Uboggy D, Meltzer HY. Improvement in cognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms in treatment-resistant schizophrenia?. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;34:702–712
  53. Harvey PD, Lombbardi J, Leibman M, White L, Parrella M, Powchiak P, et al. Cognitive impairment and negative symptoms in geriatric and chronic schizophrenia patients: a follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research. 1996;22:223–231
  54. Harvey PD, Howanitz E, Parrella M, White L, Davidson M, Mohs R, et al. Symptoms, cognitive functioning, and adaptive skills in geriatric patients with lifelong schizophrenia: a comparison across treatment sites. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155:1080–1086
  55. Harvey PD, Meltzer H, Simpson GM, Potkin SG, Loebel A, Siu C. Improvement in cognitive function following a switch to ziprasidone from conventional antipsychotics, olanzapine, or risperidone in outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;66:101–113
  56. Hawkins KA, Sledge WH, Hoffman RE, Quinlan DM, Rakefeldt J, Docherty NM. Cognition, negative symptoms, and diagnosis: a comparison of schizophrenic, bipolar, and control samples. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1997;9:81–89
  57. Heaton R, Chelune G, Talley J, Kay G, Curtis G. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual. Odessa, Florida: Psychological Resources; 1993;
  58. Heydebrand G, Weiser M, Rabinowitz J, Hoff AL, DeLisi LE, Csernansky JG. Correlates of cognitive deficits in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;68:1–9
  59. Hill SK, Beers SR, Kmiec JA, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA. Impairment of verbal memory and learning in antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2004;68:127–136
  60. Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Wieneke M, Horon R, Kushmer M, DeLisi LE. Longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156:1336–1341
  61. Howanitz E, Cicalese C, Harvey PD. Verbal fluency and psychiatric symptoms in geriatric schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2000;42(3):167–169
  62. Hughes C, Kumari V, Soni W, Das M, Binneman B, Drozd S, et al. Longitudinal study of symptoms and cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2002;59:137–146
  63. Jogems-Kosterman BJ, Zitman FG, Van Hoof JJ, Hulstijn W. Psychomotor slowing and planning deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2001;48:317–333
  64. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1987;13:261–276
  65. Keefe RSE. Negative symptoms and assessment of neurocognitive treatment response. In:  Keefe RSE,  McEvoy JP editor. Negative Symptom and Cognitive Deficit Treatment Response in Schizophrenia. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press Inc.; 2001;p. 85–110
  66. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW. Neuropsychological Assessment. 4th ed.. New York: Oxford University Press; 2004;
  67. Liddle P. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: a re-examination of the positive–negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1987;151:145–151
  68. Liddle PF. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: its impact on social functioning. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 2000;101:11–16
  69. Liddle P, Morris DL. Schizophrenic syndromes and frontal lobe performance. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1991;158:340–345
  70. Liddle PF, Friston KJ, Frith CD, et al. Patterns of cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;160:179–186
  71. Lussier I, Stip E. Memory and attention in drug naïve patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2001;48:45–55
  72. Mahurin RK, Velligan DI, Miller AL. Executive-frontal lobe cognition dysfunction in schizophrenia: a symptom subtype analysis. Psychiatry Research. 1998;79:139–149
  73. Manschreck TC, Maher BA, Waller NG, Ames D, Latham C. Deficient motor synchrony in schizophrenic disorders: clinical correlates. Biological Psychiatry. 1985;1985:990–1002
  74. Marengo J, Harrow M, Rogers C. A Manual for Scoring Abstract and Concrete Responses to Verbal Tests. New York: Microfilm Publications; 1980;
  75. Moritz S, Andresen B, Jacobsen D, Mersmann K, Wilke U, Lambert M, et al. Neuropsychological correlates of schizophrenic syndromes in patients treated with atypical neuroleptics. European Psychiatry. 2001;16:354–361
  76. Morris RG, Rushe T, Woodruffe PWR, Murray RM. Problem solving in schizophrenia: a specific deficit in planning ability. Schizophrenia Research. 1995;14:235–246
  77. Morrison-Stewart SL, Williamson PC, Cutcher CP, Snow WG, Merskey H. Frontal and non-frontal lobe neuropsychological test performance and clinical symtomatology in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine. 1992;22:353–359
  78. Nelson HE, Pantelis C, Carruthers K, Spellers J, Baxendale S, Barnes TRE. Cognitive functioning and symptomatology in chronic schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine. 1990;20:357–365
  79. Ngan ET, Liddle PF. Reaction time, symptom profiles and course of illness in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2000;46:195–201
  80. Nieuwenstein MR, Aleman A, de Haan EH. Relationship between symptom dimensions and neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the WCST and CPT studies. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001;35:119–125
  81. Norman RMG, Malla AK, Morrison-Stewart SL, Helmes E, Williamson PC, Thomas J, et al. Neuropsychological correlates of syndromes in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;170:134–139
  82. O'Leary DS, Flaum M, Kesler ML, Flashman LA, Arndt S, Andreasen NC. Cognitive correlates of the negative, disorganized, and psychotic symptom dimensions of schizophrenia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000;12:4–15
  83. Park S, Pueschel J, Sauter BH, Rentsch M, Hell D. Spatial working memory deficits and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia: a 4 month follow-up study. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;46:392–400
  84. Park S, Pueschel J, Sauter BH, Rentsch M, Hell D. Visual object working memory function and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2002;59:261–268
  85. Perry W, Braff DL. A multidimensional approach to assessing preservations in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research. 1998;33:69–77
  86. Reitan C. The Trail Making Test: Manual for Administration and Scoring. Tuscon: AZ: The Reitan Neuropsychological Laboratory; 1992;
  87. Rund BR, Melle I, Friis S, Larsen TK, Midbøe LJ, Opjordsmoen S, et al. Neurocognitive dysfunction in first-episode psychosis: correlates with symptoms, premorbid adjustment, and duration of untreated psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161:466–472
  88. Sanfilipo M, Lafargue T, Rusinek H, Arena L, Loneragan C, Lautin A, et al. Cognitive performance in schizophrenia: relationship to regional brain volumes and psychiatric symptoms. Psychiatry Research. 2002;116:1–23
  89. Schuepbach D, Keshavan MS, Kmiec JA, Sweeney JA. Negative symptom resolution and improvements in specific cognitive deficits after acute treatment in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2002;53:249–261
  90. Shurman B, Horan WP, Nuechterlein KH. Schizophrenia patients demonstrate a distinctive pattern of decision-making impairment on the Iowa Gambling Task. Schizophrenia Research. 2005;72:215–224
  91. Simon MDAE, Giacomini V, Ferrero F, Mohr S. Is executive function associated with symptom severity in schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2003;253:216–218
  92. Stolar N, Schreiber J, Banich D, Barch D. Neuropsychological correlates of alogia and affective flattening in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1994;35:164–172
  93. Strauss ME, Buchanan RW, Hale J. Relations between attentional deficits and clinical symptoms in schizophrenic outpatients. Psychiatry Research. 1993;47:205–213
  94. Tamlyn D, McKenna PJ, Mortimer AM, Lund CE, Hammond S, Baddeley AD. Memory impairment in schizophrenia: its extent, affiliations and neuropsychological character. Psychological Medicine. 1992;22:101–115
  95. Tamminga CA, Thaker GK, Buchanan R, et al. Limbic system abnormalities identified in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose and neocortical alterations with deficit syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992;49:52230
  96. Thaker G, Kirkpatrick B, Buchanan RW, Ellsberry R, Lahti A, Tamminga C. Oculomotor abnormalities and their clinical correlates in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1989;25:491–497
  97. Van der Does AJW, Dingemans P, Scholte W. Symptoms, cognitive and social functioning in recent onset schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research. 1996;19:61–71
  98. Voruganti LN, Heslegrave RJ, Awad AG. Neurocognitive correlates of positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;42:1066–1107
  99. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1981;
  100. Wechsler D. The Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation; 1987;
  101. Weinberger DR, Berman KF. Prefrontal function in schizophrenia: confounds and controversies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1996;351:1495–1503
  102. Wittorf A, Klingberg S, Wiedemann G. Secondary verbal memory: a potential endophenotype of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2004;38:601–612
  103. Wolkin A, Sanfilipo M, Wolf AP, Angrist B, Brodie JD, Rotrosen J. Negative symptoms and hypofrontality in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992;49:959–965
  104. Zakzanis K. Neuropsychological correlates of positive vs. negative schizophrenic symptomatology. Schizophrenia Research. 1998;29:227–233

PII: S0920-9964(05)00460-3

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.09.016

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 81, Issue 1 , Pages 17-27 , 1 January 2006

Article Tools