Schizophrenia Research
Volume 78, Issue 2 , Pages 171-185 , 15 October 2005

Short-term symptomatic and functional outcomes of schizophrenia in Butajira, Ethiopia

  • Kebede D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Current address: WHO-Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.
    • ,
  • Alem A.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    • ,
  • Shibre T.

      Affiliations

    • Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Project, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    • ,
  • Negash A.

      Affiliations

    • Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Project, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    • ,
  • Deyassa N.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    • ,
  • Beyero T.

      Affiliations

    • Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Project, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    • ,
  • Medhin G.

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Received 15 March 2005 ,Revised 25 May 2005 ,Accepted 27 May 2005.

References 

  1. Adams CE, Fenton M, Quraishi S, David AS. Systematic meta-review of depot antipsychotic drugs for people with schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2001;179:290–299
  2. Alem A. Mental health services and epidemiology of mental health problems in Ethiopia. Ethiop. Med. J. 2001;39(2):153–165(Apr)
  3. Alem A, Kebede D, Shibre T, Negash A, Deyassa N. Comparison of computer assisted SCAN diagnoses and clinical diagnoses of major mental disorders in Butajira, Rural Ethiopia. Ethiop. Med. J. 2004;42(2):137–143
  4. Alonso J. Valores poblacionales de Referencia de la versión española del Cuestionario de Salud SF-36. Med. Clin.-Barcelona. 1998;111:410–416
  5. an der Heiden W, Hafner H. The epidemiology of onset and course of schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2000;250(6):292–303
  6. Andreasen NC. Negative versus positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39:789–794
  7. Bobes J, Gutierrez M, Gibert J, Gonzalez MP, Herraiz ML. Quality of life and disability in chronic schizophrenics treated with risperidone and previously treated with depot neuroleptics. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr. 1999;27(4):229–234(Jul-Aug, Spanish)
  8. Brazier JE, Harper N, Jones NMB, O'Cathain , Thomas KJ, Usherwood T, et al. Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire: new outcome measure for primary care. BMJ. 1992;305:160–164
  9. Bromet EJ, Dew M, Eaton W. Epidemiology of psychosis with special reference to schizophrenia. In:  Tsuang MT,  Tohen M,  Zahner GEP editor. Textbook in Psychiatric Epidemiology. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.; 1995;p. 283–300
  10. Butterworth P, Crosier T. The validity of the SF-36 in an Australian National Household Survey: demonstrating the applicability of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey to examination of health inequalities. BMC Public Health. 2004;4(1):44;(Oct 07)
  11. Eaton WW. Studying the natural history of psychopathology. In:  Tsuang MT,  Tohen M,  Zahner GEP editor. Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology. New York: Wiley; 1995;p. 157–178
  12. Fekadu A, Kebede D, Alem A, Shibre T. Use of psychiatric rating instruments in Ethiopia. Ethiop. Med. J. 2000;38(3):191–203
  13. Gureje O, Miles W, Keks N, Grainger D, Lambert T, McGrath J, et al. Olanzapine vs risperidone in the management of schizophrenia: a randomized double-blind trial in Australia and New Zealand. Schizophr. Res. 2003;61(2-3):303–314(Jun 1)
  14. Hegarty JD, Baldessarini RJ, Tohen M, Waternaux C, Oepen G. One hundred years of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the outcome literature. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1994;151(10):1409–1416(Oct)
  15. Hennen J. Statistical methods for longitudinal research on bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2003;5(3):156–168(Jun)
  16. Ho BC, Nopoulos P, Flaum M, Arndt S, Andreasen NC. Two-year outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: predictive value of symptoms for quality of life. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1998;155(9):1196–1201(Sep)
  17. Hopper K, Wanderling J. Revisiting the developed versus developing country distinction in course and outcome in schizophrenia: results from ISoS, the WHO collaborative follow up project. International Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2000;26(4):835–846
  18. Institute of Medicine . Neurological, psychiatric, and developmental disorders: Chapter 7. Schizophrenia. In: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 2001;p. 217–256
  19. Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, et al. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychol. Med. Monogr. Suppl. 1992;20:1–97
  20. Kebede D, Alem A, Shibre T, Negash A, Fekadu A, Fekadu D, et al. Onset and clinical course of schizophrenia in Butajira-Ethiopia—a community-based study. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2003;38(11):625–631(Nov)
  21. Kebede D, Alem A, Shibre T, Negash A, Deyassa N, Beyero T. Health-related quality of life (SF-36) survey in Butajira, rural Ethiopia: normative data and evaluation of reliability and validity. Ethiop. Med. J. 2004;42(4):289–297
  22. Kebede D, Alem A, Shibre T, Negash A, Deyassa N, Beyero T. Socio-demographic correlates of schizophrenia in Butajira, rural Ethiopia. Schizophr. Res. 2004;69(2-3):133–141(Aug.1)
  23. Kua J, Wong KE, Kua EH, Tsoi WF. A 20-year follow-up study on schizophrenia in Singapore. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2003;108(2):118–125
  24. Lambert M, Naber D. Current issues in schizophrenia: overview of patient acceptability, functioning capacity and quality of life. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(Suppl 2):5–17
  25. Leff J, Sartorius N, Jablensky A, Korten A, Ernberg G. The international pilot study of schizophrenia: five-year follow-up findings. Psychol. Med. 1992;22(1):131–145(Feb)
  26. Malla AK, Norman RM, Voruganti LP. Improving outcome in schizophrenia: the case for early intervention. CMAJ. 1999;160(6):843–846
  27. Nasrallah HA, Duchesne I, Mehnert A, Janagap C, Eerdekens M. Health-related quality of life in patients with schizophrenia during treatment with long-acting, injectable risperidone. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2004;65:531–536
  28. Norman RM, Malla AK. Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol. Med. 2001;31(3):381–400
  29. Obembe A, Famuyiwa O, Bebbington P. Outcome of functional psychoses in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria. East Afr. Med. J. 1995;72(4):234–240
  30. Ohaeri JU. Long-term outcome of treated schizophrenia in a Nigerian cohort. Retrospective analysis of 7-year follow-ups. J. of Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1993;181(8):514–516
  31. Padmavathi R, Rajkuma S, Srinivasan TN. Schizophrenic patients who were never treated—a study in an Indian urban community. Psychol. Med. 1998;28(5):1113–1117
  32. Pukrop, R., Schlaak, V., Moller-Leimkuhler, A.M., Albus, M., Czernik, A., Klosterkotter, J., Moller, H.J., 2003. Reliability and validity of quality of life assessed by the short-form 36 and the modular system for quality of life in patients with schizophrenia and patients with depression. Psychiatry Res. 15, 119 (1–2), 63–79.
  33. Rashid E, Kebede D, Alem A. Evaluation of an Amharic version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 1996;10:69–77
  34. Robinson DG, Woerner MG, McMeniman M, Mendelowitz A, Bilder RM. Symptomatic and functional recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2004;161(3):473–479
  35. Rothman KJ. Modern Epidemiology. Boston: Little, Brown and Company; 1986;
  36. Russo J, Trujillo CA, Wingerson D, Decker K, Ries R, Wetzler H, et al. The MOS 36-item short form health survey: reliability, validity, and preliminary findings in schizophrenic outpatients. Med. Care. 1998;36:752–756
  37. Shibre T, Negash A, Kullgren G, Kebede D, Alem A, Fekadu A, et al. Perception of stigma among family members of individuals with schizophrenia and major mood disorders in rural Ethiopia. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2001;36(6):299–303
  38. Shibre T, Kebede D, Alem A, Negash A, Fekadu A, Fekadu D, et al. An evaluation of two screening methods to identify cases with schizophrenia and affective disorders in a community survey in rural Ethiopia. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry. 2002;48(2):161–169
  39. Strassnig M, Brar JS, Ganguli R. Body mass index and quality of life in community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2003;62:73–76
  40. Tirupati NS, Rangaswamy T, Raman P. Duration of untreated psychosis and treatment outcome in schizophrenia patients untreated for many years. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 2004;38:339–343
  41. Tunis SL, Croghan TW, Heilman DK, Johnstone BM, Obenchain RL. Reliability, validity, and application of the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) in schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine versus haloperidol. Med. Care. 1999;37(7):678–691
  42. Twisk JWR. Applied longitudinal data analysis for epidemiology. In: A Practical Guide. Cambridge University Press; 2003;p. 77–100
  43. Verdoux H, Liraud F, Bergey C, Assens F, Abalan F, van Os J. Is the association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome confounded? A two year follow-up study of first-admitted patients. Schizophr. Res. 2001;49:231–241
  44. Ware JE. SF-36 Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide. Boston: The Health Institute, New England Medical Centre; 1993;
  45. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med. Care. 1992;30:473–483
  46. Westermeyer JF, Harrow M. Course and outcome in schizophrenia. In:  Tsuang MT,  Simpson JC editor. Handbook of Schizophrenia. Nosology, Epidemiology and Genetics. vol. 3:Elsevier Science Publishers B.V; 1988;p. 205–244
  47. WHO . ICIDH-2: International Classification of Functioning and Disability. Geneva: WHO; 1999;(www3.who.int/icf/intros/ICF-Eng-Intro.pdf) accessed Nov 22. 2004
  48. Wing JK. SCAN and the PSE tradition. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 1996;31:50–54
  49. Wing JK, Babor T, Brugha T, Burke J, Cooper J, Giel R, et al. SCAN: schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1989;47:589–593
  50. Wyatt RJ. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1991;17:325–351

PII: S0920-9964(05)00229-X

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.05.028

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 78, Issue 2 , Pages 171-185 , 15 October 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution