Schizophrenia Research
Volume 78, Issue 1 , Pages 35-43 , 1 October 2005

The course of cognitive functioning in first episode psychosis: Changes over time and impact on outcome

  • Jean Addington

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
    • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5T 1R8
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5T 1R8. Tel.: +1 416 535 8501; fax: +1 416 979 6936.
    • ,
  • Huma Saeedi

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5T 1R8
    • ,
  • Donald Addington

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

Received 12 February 2005 ,Revised 24 April 2005 ,Accepted 6 May 2005.

References 

  1. Addington J, Addington D. Neurocognitive and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1999;25:173–183
  2. Addington J, Addington D. Neurocognitive and social functioning in schizophrenia, a 2.5 year follow-up. Schizophr. Res. 2000;44:47–56
  3. Addington J, Addington D. Early intervention for psychosis: the Calgary early psychosis treatment and prevention program. Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. Bull. 2001;33:241–256
  4. Addington J, Addington D. Cognitive functioning in first episode schizophrenia. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2002;27:188–192
  5. Addington, J., Addington, D., in press. Patterns of premorbid functioning in first episode psychosis: relationship to 2 year outcome. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.
  6. Addington D, Addington J, Joyce J, Maticka-Tyndale E. Reliability and validation of a depression rating scale. Schizophr. Res. 1992;6:201–208
  7. Addington J, McCleary L, Munroe-Blum H. Cognitive and social dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1998;Duration of untreated psychosis: impact on one and two year outcome. Psychol. Med. 1998;34:277–284
  8. Addington J, Brooks B, Addington D. Cognitive functioning in first episode psychosis: initial presentation. Schizophr. Res. 2003;62:59–64
  9. Addington J, van Mastrigt S, Addington D. Duration of untreated psychosis: Impact on one and two year outcome. Psychol. Med. 2004;34:277–284
  10. Asarnow RF, Granholm E, Sherman T. Span of apprehension in schizophrenia. In:  Steinhauer SR,  Gruzelier JH,  Zubin J editor. Handbook of Schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology and Information Processing. vol. 5:Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1991;p. 335–370
  11. Benton AL, Hamsher K. Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa City: AHA Associates; 1983;
  12. Bilder RM, Kipschultz-Broch L, Reiter G, Mayerhoff D, Loebel A, Degreefe G, et al. Neuropsychological studies of first episode schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1991;4:381–382
  13. Bilder RM, Goldman RS, Robinson D, Reiter G, Bell L, Bates JA, et al. Neuropsychology of first-episode schizophrenia: initial characterization and clinical correlates. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:549–559
  14. Browne S, Clarke M, Gervin M, Waddington JL, Larkin C, O’Callaghan E. Determinants of quality of life at first presentation with schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2000;176:173–176
  15. Caspi A, Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rabinowitz J, Kaplan Z, Knobler H, et al. Cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients assessed before and following the first psychotic episode. Schizophr. Res. 2003;65:87–94
  16. Catell RB. The scree test for number of factors. Multivariate Behav. Res. 1966;1:245–276
  17. Censits DM, Ragland JD, Gur RC, Gur RE. Neuropsychological evidence supporting a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Schizophr. Res. 1997;24:289–298
  18. Craig TJ, Bromet EJ, Fennig S, Tanenberg-Karant M, Lavelle J, Galambos N. Is there an association between duration of untreated psychosis and 24-month clinical outcome in a first admission series?. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2003;157:60–66
  19. Dickinson D, Iannone VM, Wilk CM, God J. General and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 2004;55:826–833
  20. Drake RE, Osher FC, Noordsy DL, Hurlbut SC, Teague GB, Beaudett MS. Diagnosis of alcohol use disorders in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1990;16:57–67
  21. Fuller R, Nopoulos P, Arndt S, O'Leary D, Ho B-C, Andreasen NC. Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2002;159:1183–1189
  22. Gold JM, Carpenter C, Randolph C, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Auditory working memory and Wisconsin card sorting test performance in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1997;54:159–165
  23. Gold S, Arndt S, Nopoulos P, O’Leary DS, Andreasen NC. Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1342–1348
  24. Golden C. Stroop color and word test manual (Cat. 30150M). Chicago: Stoelting Co; 1978;
  25. Green MF. Schizophrenia from a Neurocognitive Perspective. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 1998;
  26. Green MF, Kern RS, Heaton RK. Longitudinal studies of cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: implications for MATRICS. Schizophr. Res. 2004;72:41–51
  27. Hawkins KA, Addington J, Keefe RSK, Christensen B, Perkins DO, Zipurksy R, et al. Neuropsychological status of subjects at high risk for a first episode of psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 2004;67:115–122
  28. Heaton RK. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1981;
  29. Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology. 1998;12:426–445
  30. Heinrichs DW, Hanlon TE, Carpenter WT. The Quality of Life Scale: an instrument for rating the schizophrenic deficit syndrome. Schizophr. Bull. 1984;10:388–398
  31. Heydenbrand G, Weiser M, Rabinowitz J, Hoff AL, DeLisis LE, Csernansky JG. Correlates of cognitive deficits in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2004;68:1–9
  32. Hill S, Schuepbach D, Herbener ES, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA. Pretreatment and longitudinal studies of neuropsychological deficits in antipsychotic-naïve patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2004;68:49–63
  33. Ho B-C, Andreasen NC, Flaum M, Nopoulos P, Miller D. Untreated initial psychosis: its relation to quality of life and symptom remission in first episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2003;157:808–815
  34. Hoff AL, Riordan H, O'Donnell DW, Morris L, DeLisi LE. Neuropsychological functioning of first-episode schizophreniform patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1992;149:898–903
  35. Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Wieneke M, Horon R, Kushner M, DeLisi LE. Longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1336–1341
  36. Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Razi K, Heydenbrand G, Csernasky JG, DeLisi LE. Lack of association between duration of untreated illness and severity of cognitive and structural brain defects at the first episode of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:1824–1828
  37. Hutton SB, Purim BK, Duncan LJ, Robbins T, Barnes TRE, Joyce EM. Executive function in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 1998;28:463–473
  38. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet. 1994;344:1398–1402
  39. Joyce E, Huddy VYV. Defining the cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 2004;34:1151–1155
  40. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1987;13:261–276
  41. Keefe SE, Seidman LJ, Christensen BK, Hamer RM, Sharma T, Sitskoorn MM, et al. Comparative effect of atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs on neurocognition in first episode psychosis: a randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus low doses of haloperidol. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2004;161:985–995
  42. Larsen TK, McGlashan TH, Moe LC. First-episode schizophrenia: I. Early course parameters. Schizophr. Bull. 1996;22:241–256
  43. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995;
  44. Mathews CG, Klove N. Instruction Manual for the Adult Neuropsychological Test Battery. Madison: University of Madison Medical School; 1964;
  45. Mohamed S, Paulsen JS, O'Leary D, Arndt S, Andreasen N. Generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1999;56:749–754
  46. Norman RMG, Townsend L, Malla AK. Duration of untreated psychosis and cognitive functioning in first-episode patients. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2001;179:340–345
  47. Nuechterlein KH. Vigilance in schizophrenia and related disorders. In:  Steinhauer SR,  Gruzelier JH,  Zubin J editor. Handbook of Schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology and Information Processing. vol. 5:Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1991;p. 397–433
  48. Reitan R, Wolfson D. The Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Tucson: Neuropsychology Press; 1985;
  49. Rey A. L'examen Clinique en Psychologie. Paris: Presse Universitaire de France; 1958;
  50. Rosenheck R, Tekell J, Peters J, Cramer J, Fontana A, Xu W, et al. Does participation in psychosocial treatment augment the benefit of clozapine?. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1998;55:618–625
  51. Rund BR. A review of longitudinal studies of cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr. Bull. 1998;24:425–435
  52. Rund BR, Melle J, Friis S, Larsen TK, Midbøe LJ, Opjordsmoen S, et al. Neurocognitive dysfunction in first-episode psychosis: correlates with symptoms, premorbid adjustment and duration of untreated psychosis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2004;161:466–472
  53. Stirling J, White C, Lewis S, Hopkins R, Tantam D, Huddy A, et al. Neurocognitive function and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a 10-year follow-up of an epidemiological cohort. Schizophr. Res. 2003;65:75–86
  54. Tombaugh TN, Kozak J, Rees L. Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 1999;14:167–177
  55. Townsend LA, Malla AK, Norman RMG. Cognitive functioning in stabilized first-episode psychosis patients. Psychiatry Res. 2001;104:119–131
  56. Townsend LA, Norman RMG, Malla AK, Rychlo AD, Ahmed RR. Changes in cognitive functioning following comprehensive treatment for first episode patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2002;113:69–81
  57. Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale Revised. New York: The Psychological Corporation; 1987;
  58. Wood SJ, Pantelis C, Profitt T, Phillip SL, Stuart GW, Buchanan J-A, et al. Spatial working memory ability is a marker of risk-for-psychosis. Psychol. Med. 2003;33:1239–1247

PII: S0920-9964(05)00198-2

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.05.008

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 78, Issue 1 , Pages 35-43 , 1 October 2005

Article Tools