Schizophrenia Research
Volume 77, Issue 2 , Pages 279-288 , 15 September 2005

Prefrontal cognitive functions in stabilized first-episode patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A dissociation between dorsolateral and orbitofrontal functioning

  • José Manuel Rodríguez-Sánchez

      Affiliations

    • Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Planta 2a, Edificio 2 de Noviembre. Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain
  • ,
  • Benedicto Crespo-Facorro

      Affiliations

    • Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Planta 2a, Edificio 2 de Noviembre. Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel: +34 942 202537; fax: +34 942 203447.
  • ,
  • Rocío Perez Iglesias

      Affiliations

    • Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Planta 2a, Edificio 2 de Noviembre. Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain
  • ,
  • César González-Blanch Bosch

      Affiliations

    • Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Planta 2a, Edificio 2 de Noviembre. Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain
  • ,
  • Mario Álvarez

      Affiliations

    • Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Planta 2a, Edificio 2 de Noviembre. Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain
  • ,
  • Javier Llorca

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biostatistic, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
  • ,
  • José Luis Vázquez-Barquero

      Affiliations

    • Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Planta 2a, Edificio 2 de Noviembre. Avda. Valdecilla s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain

Received 25 January 2005 ,Revised 20 April 2005 ,Accepted 22 April 2005.

References 

  1. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City IA: University of Iowa; 1984;
  2. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City IA: University of Iowa; 1984;
  3. Andreasen NC, Flaum M, Arndt S. The comprehensive assessment of symptoms and history (CASH). An instrument for assessing diagnosis and psychopathology. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1992;49:615–623
  4. Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Flaum M, Nopoulos P, Watkins GL, Boles Ponto LL, et al. Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: distributed dysfunctional circuits in neuroleptic–naive patients. Lancet. 1997;349:1730–1734
  5. Arbuthnott K, Frank J. Trail making test part B as a measure of executive control: validation using a set-switching paradigm. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2000;22:518–528
  6. Bechara A. The role of emotion in decision-making: evidence from neurological patients with orbitofrontal damage. Brain Cogn. 2004;55:30–40
  7. Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition. 1994;50:7–15
  8. Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Anderson SW. Dissociation of working memory from decision making within the human prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 1998;18:428–437
  9. Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H. Characterization of the decision-making impairment of patients with bilateral lesions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Brain. 2000;123:2189–2202
  10. Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex. 2000;10:295–307
  11. Beninger RJ, Wasserman J, Zanibbi K, Charbonneau D, Mangels J, Beninger BV. Typical and atypical antipsychotic medications differentially affect two nondeclarative memory tasks in schizophrenic patients: a double dissociation. Schizophr. Res. 2003;61:281–292
  12. Bleuler E. Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der schizophrenien. In:  Aschaffenburg G editors. Handbuch der Psychiatrie. Leipzig, Wien: Deutike; 1911;
  13. Cavallaro R, Cavedini P, Mistretta P, Bassi T, Angelone SM, Ubbiali A, et al. Basal-corticofrontal circuits in schizophrenia and obsessive–compulsive disorder: a controlled double dissociation study. Biol. Psychiatry. 2003;54:437–443
  14. Chemerinsky E, Nopoulos PC, Crespo-Facorro B, Andreasen NC, Magnotta V. Morphology of the ventral frontal cortex in schizophrenia: relationship with social dysfunction. Biol. Psychiatry. 2002;52:1–8
  15. Crespo-Facorro B, Kim JJ, Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Wiser AK, Bailey JM, et al. Human frontal cortex: an MRI-based parcellation method. Neuroimage. 1999;10:500–519
  16. Crespo-Facorro B, Kim JJ, Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Magnotta V. Regional frontal abnormalities in schizophrenia: a quantitative gray matter volume and cortical surface size study. Biol. Psychiatry. 2000;48:110–119
  17. Crespo-Facorro B, Paradiso S, Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Watkins GL, Ponto LL, et al. Neural mechanisms of anhedonia in schizophrenia: a PET study of response to unpleasant and pleasant odors. JAMA. 2001;286:427–435
  18. Damasio AR. Descarte's Error. Emotion Reason and the Human Brain. A Grosset/Putnam Book. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons; 1994;
  19. Davidson M, Reichenberg A, Rabinowitz J, Weiser M, Kaplan Z, Mark M. Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1328–1335
  20. Estévez-González A, García-Sánchez C, Barraquer-Bordas L. Los lóbulos frontales: El cerebro ejecutivo. Rev. Neurol. 2000;31:566–577
  21. Fuster J. Physiology of executive functions: the perception–action cycle. In:  Stuss TD,  Knight RT editor. Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002;
  22. Gaillard WD, Hertz-Pannier L, Mott SH, Barnett AS, LeBihan D, Theodore WH. Functional anatomy of cognitive development: fMRI of verbal fluency in children and adults. Neurology. 2000;54:180–185
  23. Gerton BK, Brown TT, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kohn P, Holt JL, Olsen RK, et al. Shared and distinct neurophysiological components of the digits forward and backward tasks as revealed by functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia. 2004;42:1781–1787
  24. Gold S, Arndt S, Nopoulos P, O'Leary DS, Andreasen NC. Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1342–1348
  25. Goldberg TE, Weinberger MD, Berman KF, Pliskin NH, Podd MH. Further evidence for dementia of the prefrontal type in schizophrenia?. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1987;44:1008–1014
  26. Goldman-Rakic P. Architecture of the prefrontal cortex and the central executive. In:  Grafman J,  Holyoak KJ,  Boller F editor. Structure and Functions of the Human Prefrontal Cortex. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences; 1995;
  27. Goldstein JM, Goodman JM, Seidman LJ, Kennedy DN, Makris N, Lee H, et al. Cortical abnormalities in schizophrenia identified by structural magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1999;56:537–547
  28. Hoshi Y, Oda I, Wada Y, Yamashita Y, Oda M, Ohta K, et al. Visuospatial imagery is a fruitful strategy for the digit span backward task: a study with near-infrared optical tomography. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 2000;9:339–342
  29. Hutton SB, Puri BK, Duncan LJ, Robbins TW, Barnes TRE, Joyce EM. Executive function in first episode-schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 1998;28:463–473
  30. Hutton SB, Murphy FC, Joyce EM, Rogers RD, Cuthbert I, Barnes TRE, et al. Decision making deficits in patients with first episode and chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2002;55:249–257
  31. Kim JJ, Mohamed S, Andreasan NC, O'Leary DS, Watkins GL, Boles Ponto LL, et al. Regional neural dysfunctions in chronic schizophrenia studied with positron emission tomography. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:542–548
  32. Kohler CG, Bilker W, Hagendoorn M, Gur RE, Gur RC. Emotion recognition deficit in schizophrenia: association with symptomatology and cognition. Biol. Psychiatry. 2000;48:127–136
  33. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Edinburg: E & S Livingstone; 1919;
  34. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. 3rd ed.. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995;
  35. Malloy PF, Richardson ED. Assessment of frontal lobe functions. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1994;6:399–410
  36. Mandal MK, Jain A, Haque-Nizamie S, Weiss U, Schneider F. Generality and specificity of emotion-recognition deficit in schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 1999;87:39–46
  37. Manes F, Sahakian B, Clark L, Rogers R, Antoun N, Aitken M, et al. Decision-making process following damage to the prefrontal cortex. Brain. 2002;125:624–639
  38. Manoach DS. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction during working memory performance in schizophrenia: reconciling discrepant findings. Schizophr. Res. 2003;60:285–298
  39. Mavaddat N, Kirkpatrick PJ, Rogers RD, Sahakian BJ. Deficits in decision-making in patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery. Brain. 2000;123:2109–2117
  40. Meador-Woodruff JH, Watson SJ. Postmortem studies in schizophrenic brain. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1997;31:157–158
  41. Nieuwenstein MR, Aleman A, de Haan EH. Relationship between symptom dimensions and neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of WCST and CPT studies. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2001;35:119–125
  42. Owen AM. The role of the lateral frontal cortex in mnemonic processing: the contribution of functional neuroimaging. Exp. Brain Res. 2000;133:33–43
  43. Pantelis C, Barber FZ, Barnes TRE, Nelson HE, Owen AM, Robbins TW. Comparison of set-shifting ability in patients with chronic schizophrenia and frontal lobe damage. Schizophr. Res. 1999;37:251–270
  44. Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, McGorry PD, Wood SJ, Suckling J, Phillips LJ, et al. Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet. 2003;361:281–288
  45. Petrides M. Functional organization of the human frontal cortex for mnemonic processing. In:  Grafman J,  Holyoak KJ,  Boller F editor. Structure and Functions of the Human Prefrontal Cortex. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences; 1995;
  46. Ritter LM, Meador-Woodruff JH, Dalack GW. Neurocognitive measures of prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2004;68:65–73
  47. Rogers RD, Owen AM, Middleton HC, Williams EJ, Pickard JD, Sahakian BJ, et al. Choosing between small, likely rewards and large unlikely rewards activates inferior and orbital prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 1999;20:9029–9038
  48. Rogers RD, Everitt BJ, Baldacchino A, Blackmore AJ, Swainson R, London M, et al. Dissociating deficits in the decision-making cognition of chronic amphetamine abusers, opiate abusers, patients with focal damage to prefrontal cortex and tryptophan depleted normal volunteers: evidence for monoaminergic mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;20:322–329
  49. Rolls ET. The orbitofrontal cortex and reward. Cereb. Cortex. 2000;10:284–294
  50. Rossi A, Daneluzzo E, Mattei P, Bustini M, Casacchia M, Stratta P. Wisconsin card sorting test and Stroop test performances in schizophrenia: a shared construct. Neurosci. Lett. 1997;226:87–90
  51. Rund BR. A review of longitudinal studies of cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr. Bull. 1998;24:425–435
  52. Shurman B, Horan WP, Nuechterlein KH. Schizophrenia patients demonstrate a distinctive pattern of decision-making impairment on the Iowa gambling task. Schizophr. Res. 2005;72:215–224
  53. Silver H, Feldman P, Bilker W, Gur RC. Working memory deficit as a core neuropschological dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2003;160:1809–1816
  54. Stuss DT, Alexander MP, Hamer L, Palumbo C, Dempster R, Binns M, et al. The effects of focal anterior and posterior brain lesions on verbal fluency. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 1998;4:265–278
  55. Stuss DT, Bisschop SM, Alexander MP, Levine B, Katz D, Izukawa D. The trail making test: a study in focal lesion patients. Psychol. Assess. 2001;13:230–239
  56. Tollefson GD. Cognitive function in schizophrenic patients. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1996;57(Suppl. 11):31–39
  57. Tombaugh TN, Kozak J, Rees L. Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and animal naming. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 1999;14:167–177
  58. Watkins LHA, Rogers RD, Lawrence AD, Sahakian BJ, Rosser AE, Robbins TW. Impaired planning but intact decision making in early Hungtington's disease: implications for specific fronto-striatal pathology. Neuropsychologia. 2000;38:1112–1125
  59. Weinberger DR, Berman KF. Prefrontal function in schizophrenia: confounds and controversies. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B Biol. Sci. 1996;351:1495–1503
  60. Weschler D. Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale III. Madrid: TEA ediciones; 1999;
  61. Wilder KE, Weinberger DR, Goldberg TE. Operant conditioning and the orbitofrontal cortex in schizophrenic patients: unexpected evidence for intact functioning. Schizophr. Res. 1998;30:169–174
  62. Wiser AK, Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, Watkins GL, Boles Ponto LL, Hichwa RD. Dysfunctional cortico-cerebellar circuits cause ‘cognitive dysmetria’ in schizophrenia. Neuroreport. 1998;9:1895–1899
  63. Wood AG, Saling MM, Abbott DF, Jackson GD. A neurocognitive account of frontal lobe involvement in ortographic lexical retrieval: an fMRI study. Neuroimage. 2001;14:162–169
  64. Yeudall LT, Reddon JR, Gill DM, Stefanyk WO. Normative data for the Halstead–Reitan neuropsychological tests stratified by age and sex. J. Clin. Psychol. 1987;43:346–367

PII: S0920-9964(05)00175-1

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.04.023

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 77, Issue 2 , Pages 279-288 , 15 September 2005