Schizophrenia Research
Volume 75, Issue 1 , Pages 55-64 , 1 June 2005

The effects of antipsychotic medication on factor and cluster structure of neurologic examination abnormalities in schizophrenia

  • Gerald Goldstein

      Affiliations

    • VA Pittsburgh HCS, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 412 365 5232; fax: +1 412 365 5231.
    • ,
  • Richard D. Sanders

      Affiliations

    • Dayton VA, 116, 4100 W. Third St., Dayton, OH 45428, United States
    • Tel.: +1 937 268 6511x1829.
    • ,
  • Steven D. Forman

      Affiliations

    • VA Pittsburgh HCS, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States
    • Tel.: +1 412 624 4688.
    • ,
  • Thaddeus Tarpey

      Affiliations

    • Department of Statistics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
    • Tel.: +1 937 775 2861.
    • ,
  • John A. Gurklis

      Affiliations

    • VA Pittsburgh HCS, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States
    • Tel.: +1 412 365 5302.
    • ,
  • Daniel P. Van Kammen

      Affiliations

    • ACADIA Pharmaceuticals, 3911 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, CA 92121-1402, United States
    • Tel.: +1 858 558 2871.
    • ,
  • Matcheri S. Keshavan

      Affiliations

    • Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
    • Tel.: +1 412 624 2872.

Received 30 March 2004 ,Revised 16 August 2004 ,Accepted 25 August 2004.

References 

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  2. Allen DN, Anastasiou A, Goldstein G, Gurklis JA, Gilbertson MW, van Kammen DP. Influence of haloperidol on relationships of frontal lobe function to psychomotor poverty and disorganization syndromes. Psychiatry Res. 2000;93:33–36
  3. Buchanan RW, Heinrichs DW. The neurologic evaluation scale (NES): a structured instrument for the assessment of neurologic signs in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1989;27:335–350
  4. Condray R, Steinhauer SR, Cohen JD, van Kammen DP, Kasparek A. Modulation of language processing in schizophrenia: effects of context and haloperidol on the event-related potential. Biol. Psychiatry. 1999;45:1336–1355
  5. Convit A, Volavka J, Czobor P, de Asis J, Evangelista C. Effect of subtle neurologic dysfunction on response to haloperidol treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1994;151:49–56
  6. Eitan N, Levin Y, Ben-Artzi E, Levy A, Neumann M. Effects of antipsychotic drugs on memory functions of schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1992;85:74–76
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  10. Keshavan MS, Sanders RD, Sweeney JA, Diwadkar VA, Goldstein G, Pettegrew JW, et al. Diagnostic specificity and neuroanatomical validity of neurological abnormalities in first-episode psychoses. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2003;160:1298–1304
  11. Krebs M, Gut-Fayand A, Bourdel M, Dischamp J, Olie J. Validation and factorial structure of a standardized neurological examination assessing neurological soft signs in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2000;45:245–260
  12. Malla AK, Norman RM, Aguilar O, Cortese L. Relationship between neurologic ‘soft signs’ and syndromes of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1997;96:274–280
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  14. Rossi A, De Cataldo S, Di Michelle V, Manna V, Ceccoli S, Stratta P, et al. Neurologic soft signs in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1990;157:735–739
  15. Rummel RJ. Applied Factor Analysis. Evanston: Northwestern University Press; 1970;
  16. Sanders RD, Keshavan MS. The neurologic examination in adult psychiatry: from soft signs to hard science. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1998;10:395–404
  17. Sanders RD, Forman SD, Pieri JN, Baker RW, Kelley ME, van Kammen DP, et al. Inter-rater reliability of the neurologic examination in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1998;29:287–292
  18. Sanders RD, Keshavan MS, Forman SD, Pierri JN, McLaughlin N, Allen DN, et al. Factor structure of neurologic examination abnormalities in unmedicated schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2000;95:237–243
  19. Schroder J, Niethammer R, Geider FJ, Reitz C, Binkert M, Jauss M, et al. Neurologic soft signs in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1992;6:25–30
  20. Seaton BE, Goldstein G, Allen DN. Sources of heterogeneity in schizophrenia: the role of neuropsychological functioning. Neuropsychol. Rev. 2001;11:45–67
  21. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-P). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1989;
  22. Tarpey T, Sanders RD. Linear conditional expectation for discrete distributions. J. Appl. Stat. 2004;31:361–372

PII: S0920-9964(04)00302-0

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.08.016

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 75, Issue 1 , Pages 55-64 , 1 June 2005

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