Schizophrenia Research
Volume 69, Issue 1 , Pages 105-117 , 1 July 2004

Affectivity in the problem-solving interactions of schizophrenia patients and their family members

  • Jack J Blanchard

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1-301-405-8438; fax: +1-301-314-9566.
    • Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4411, USA
  • ,
  • Steven L Sayers

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, and Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
  • ,
  • Lindsay M Collins

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4411, USA
  • ,
  • Alan S Bellack

      Affiliations

    • Baltimore Veterans Affairs Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA

Received 20 May 2003 ,Revised 25 July 2003 ,Accepted 31 July 2003.

References 

  1. Altorfer A, Goldstein MJ, Miklowitz DJ, Nuechterlein KH. Stress-indicative patterns of non-verbal behaviour. Their role in family interaction. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1992;161(Suppl. 18):103–113
  2. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed.. Washington, DC: Author; 1987;
  3. Andreasen NC. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39:784–788
  4. Andreasen NC, Olsen S. Negative vs. positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39:789–794
  5. Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Alliger R, Miller D, Flaum M. Symptoms of schizophrenia: methods, meanings, and mechanisms. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1995;52:341–351
  6. Barrowclough C, Tarrier N, Humphreys L, Ward J, Gregg L, Andrews B. Self-esteem in schizophrenia: relationships between self-evaluation, family attitudes, and symptomatology. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 2003;112:92–99
  7. Bellack AS, Morrison RL, Wixted JT, Mueser KT. An analysis of social competence in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1990;156:809–818
  8. Bellack AS, Haas GL, Tierney AM. A strategy for assessing family interaction patterns in schizophrenia. Psychol. Assess. 1996;8:190–199
  9. Blanchard JJ, Panzarella C. Affect and social functioning in schizophrenia. In:  Mueser KT,  Tarrier N editor. Handbook of Social Functioning in Schizophrenia. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon; 1998;p. 181–196
  10. Blanchard JJ, Mueser KT, Bellack AS. Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1998;24:413–424
  11. Blanchard JJ, Horan WP, Brown SA. Diagnostic differences in social anhedonia: a longitudinal study of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 2001;110:363–371
  12. Bryson G, Bell M. Memory and executive function impairments in deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2001;102:29–37
  13. Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B, Heinrichs DW, Carpenter WT. Clinical correlates of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1990;147:290–294
  14. Buchanan RW, Strauss ME, Breier A, Kirkpatrick B. Attentional impairments in deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1997;154:363–370
  15. Butzlaff RL, Hooley JM. Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: a meta-analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1998;55:547–552
  16. Carpenter WT. Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1988;125:578–583
  17. Carroll JM, Yik MSM, Russell JA, Feldman Barrett L. On the psychometric principles of affect. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 1999;3:14–22
  18. Doane JA, West KL, Goldstein MJ, Rodnick EH, Jones JE. Parental communication deviance and affective style: predictors of subsequent schizophrenia spectrum disorders in vulnerable adolescents. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1981;38:679–685
  19. Earnst KS, Kring AM. Emotional responding in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1999;191–207
  20. Feldman Barrett L, Russell JA. Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1998;74:967–984
  21. Feldman Barrett L, Russell JA. The structure of current affect: controversies and emerging consensus. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 1999;8:10–14
  22. Fenton WS, McGlashan TH. Natural history of schizophrenia subtypes: II. Positive and negative symptoms and long-term course. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1991;48:978–986
  23. Glynn SM, Randolph ET, Eth S, Paz GG, Leong GB, Shaner AI, et al. Patient psychopathology and expressed emotion in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1990;157:877–880
  24. Hahlweg K, Goldstein MJ, Nuechterlein KH, Magana AB, Mintz J, Doane JA, et al. Expressed emotion and patient-relative interaction in families of recent-onset schizophrenics. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1989;57:11–18
  25. Hooley JM. Expressed emotion: a review of the critical literature. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 1985;5:119–139
  26. Hooley JM, Campbell C. Control and controllability: beliefs and behaviour in high and low expressed emotion relatives. Psychol. Med. 2002;32:1091–1099
  27. Hooley JM, Richters JE, Weintraub S, Neale JM. Psychopathology and marital distress: the positive side of positive symptoms. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1987;96:27–33
  28. Horan WP, Blanchard JJ. Emotional responses to psychosocial stress in schizophrenia: the role of individual differences in affective traits and coping. Schizophr. Res. 2003;60:271–283
  29. Horan, W.P., Blanchard, J.J., in press. Neurocognitive, social, and emotional dysfunction in deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res.
  30. Keltner D, Kring AM. Emotion, social function, and psychopathology. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 1998;2:320–342
  31. King S. Is expressed emotion cause or effect in the mothers of schizophrenic young adults?. Schizophr. Res. 2000;45:65–78
  32. Kring AM, Neale JM. Do schizophrenic patients show a disjunctive relationship among expressive, experiential, and psychophysiological components of emotion?. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1996;105:249–257
  33. Larsen RJ, Diener E. Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. Rev. Person. Soc. Psychol. 1992;13:25–59
  34. Lewine RJ. Schizophrenia: an amotivational syndrome in men. Can. J. Psychiatry. 1985;30:316–318
  35. Lopez SR, Nelson KA, Snyder KS, Mintz J. Attributions and affective reactions of family members and course of schizophrenia. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1999;108:307–314
  36. Meng X, Rosenthal R, Rubin DB. Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychol. Bull. 1992;111:172–175
  37. Miklowitz DJ, Goldstein MJ, Falloon IRH, Doane JA. Interactional correlates of expressed emotion in the families of schizophrenics. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1984;144:482–487
  38. Miklowitz DJ, Doane JA, Nuechterlein KH. Is expressed emotion an index of a transactional process? I. Parents' affective style. Fam. Proc. 1989;28:153–167
  39. Miklowitz DJ, Goldstein MJ, Nuechterlein KH. Verbal interactions in the families of schizophrenic and bipolar affective patients. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1995;104:268–276
  40. Mueser KT, Bellack AS, Morrison RL, Wade JH. Gender, social competence, and symptomatology in schizophrenia: a longitudinal analysis. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1990;99:138–147
  41. Mueser KT, Bellack AS, Wade JH, Sayers SL, Tierney A, Hass G. Expressed emotion, social skill, and response to negative affect in schizophrenia. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1993;102:339–351
  42. Mueser KT, Gingerich SL, Rosenthal CK. Educational family therapy for schizophrenia: a new treatment model for clinical service and research. Schizophr. Res. 1994;13:99–108
  43. Mueser KT, Sayers SL, Schooler NR, Mance RM, Haas GL. A multisite investigation of the reliability of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1994;151:1453–1462
  44. Mueser KT, Curran PJ, McHugo GJ. The factor structure of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in schizophrenia. Psychol. Assess. 1997;9:196–204
  45. Oldridge ML, Hughes ICT. Psychological well being in families with a member suffering from schizophrenia: an investigation into long standing problems. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1992;161:249–251
  46. Provencher HL, Mueser KT. Positive and negative symptom behaviors and caregiver burden in the relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1997;26:71–80
  47. Rosenfarb IS, Goldstein MJ, Mintz J, Nuechterlein KH. Expressed emotion and subclinical psychopathology observable within the transactions between schizophrenic patients and their family members. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1995;104:259–267
  48. Roy MA, Maziade M, Labbe A, Merette C. Male gender is associated with deficit schizophrenia: a meta analysis. Schizophr. Res. 2001;47:141–147
  49. Russell JA. Evidence of convergent validity on the dimensions of affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1978;36:1152–1168
  50. Russell JA. A circumplex model of affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1980;39:1161–1178
  51. Russell JA, Bullock M. Multidimensional scaling of emotional facial expressions: similarity from preschoolers to adults. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1985;48:1290–1298
  52. Salem JE, Kring AM. The role of gender differences in the reduction of etiologic heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 1998;18:795–819
  53. Sayers SL, Bellack AS, Mueser KT, Tierney AM, Wade JH, Morrison RL. Family interactions of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients: determinants of relative's negativity. Psychiatry Res. 1995;56:121–134
  54. Sayers SL, Curran PJ, Mueser KT. Factor structure and construct validity of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Psychol. Assess. 1996;8:269–280
  55. Schooler NR, Keith SJ, Severe JB, Matthews SM, Bellack AS, Glick ID, et al. Relapse and rehospitalization during maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: the effects of dose reduction and family treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1997;54:453–463
  56. Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol. Bull. 1979;86:420–428
  57. Shtasel D, Gur RE, Gallacher F, Heimberg C, Gur RC. Gender differences in the clinical expression of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1992;7:225–231
  58. Smith DA, Vivian D, O'Leary KD. Longitudinal prediction of marital discord from premarital expressions of affect. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1990;58:790–798
  59. Strachan AM, Feingold D, Goldstein MJ, Miklowitz DJ, Nuechterlein KH. Is expressed emotion an index of a transactional process? II. Patients' coping style. Fam. Proc. 1989;28:169–181
  60. Szymanski S, Lieberman JA, Alvir JM, Mayerhoff D, Loebel A, Geisler S, et al. Gender differences in onset of illness, treatment response, course, and biologic indexes in first episode schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1995;152:698–703
  61. Watson DA, Tellegen A. Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychol. Bull. 1985;98:219–235
  62. Weisman A, Lopez SR, Karno M, Jenkins J. An attributional analysis of expressed emotion in Mexican–American families with schizophrenia. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1993;102:601–606
  63. Weisman AG, Nuechterlein KH, Goldstein MJ, Snyder KS. Expressed emotion, attributions, and schizophrenia symptom dimensions. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1998;107:355–359
  64. Weisman AG, Nuechterlein KH, Goldstein MJ, Snyder KS. Controllability perceptions and reactions to symptoms of schizophrenia: a within-family comparison of relatives with high and low expressed emotion. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 2000;109:167–171
  65. Woerner M, Mannuzza S, Kane JM. Anchoring the BPRS: an aid to improved reliability. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 1988;24:112–117
  66. Wuerker AK, Hass GL, Bellack AS. Interpersonal control and expressed emotion in families of persons with schizophrenia: change over time. Schizophr. Bull. 2001;27:671–686
  67. Wuerker AK, Long JD, Haas GL, Bellack AS. Interpersonal control, expressed emotion, and change in symptoms in families of persons with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2002;58:281–292

PII: S0920-9964(03)00247-0

doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2003.07.008

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 69, Issue 1 , Pages 105-117 , 1 July 2004