Schizophrenia Research
Volume 63, Issue 3 , Pages 273-284 , 1 October 2003

The magnocellular visual system and schizophrenia: what can the color red tell us?

Received 9 April 2002 ,Revised 3 July 2002 ,Accepted 8 July 2002.

References 

  1. Adler LE, Freedman R, Ross RG, Olincy A, Waldo MC. Elementary phenotypes in the neurobiological and genetic study of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1999;46:8–18
  2. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  3. Braff DL, Saccuzzo DP. Effect of antipsychotic medication on speed of information processing in schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1982;139:1127–1130
  4. Braus DF, Weber-Fahr W, Tost H, Ruf M, Henn FA. Visuo-acoustic information processing in neuroleptic-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Res. 2002;53:221
  5. Breitmeyer BG, Breier JI. Effects of background color on reaction time to stimuli varying in size and contrast: inferences about human M channels. Vis. Res. 1994;34:1039–1045
  6. Breitmeyer BG, Ganz L. Implications of sustained and transient channels for theories of visual pattern masking, saccadic suppression, and information processing. Psychol. Rev. 1976;83:1–36
  7. Breitmeyer BG, Williams MC. Effects of isoluminant-background color on metacontrast and stroboscopic motion: interactions between sustained (P) and transient (M) channels. Vis. Res. 1990;30:1069–1075
  8. Brown JM, Koch C. Influences of occlusion, color, and luminance on the perception of fragmented pictures. Percept. Mot. Skills. 2000;90:1033–1044
  9. Butler PD, Schechter I, Zemon V, Schwartz SG, Greenstein VC, Gordon J, et al. Dysfunction of early-stage visual processing in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:1126–1133
  10. Cadenhead KS, Serper Y, Braff DL. Transient versus sustained visual channels in the visual backward masking deficits of schizophrenia patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 1998;43:132–138
  11. Cavanagh P, Tyler CW, Favreau OE. Perceived velocity of moving chromatic gratings. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 1984;1:893–899
  12. Chen Y, Nakayama K, Levy DL, Matthysse S, Holzman PS. Psychophysical isolation of a motion-processing deficit in schizophrenics and their relatives and its association with impaired smooth pursuit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999;96:4724–4729
  13. Chen Y, Palafox GP, Nakayama K, Levy DL, Matthysse S, Holzman PS. Motion perception in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1999;56:149–154
  14. de Monasterio FM. Properties of concentrically organized X and Y ganglion cells of macaque retina. J. Neurophysiol. 1978;41:1394–1417
  15. Dreher B, Fukada Y, Rodieck RW. Identification, classification and anatomical segregation of cells with X-like and Y-like properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of old-world primates. J. Physiol. 1976;258:433–452
  16. Edwards VT, Hogben JH, Clark CD, Pratt C. Effects of a red background on magnocellular functioning in average and specifically disabled readers. Vis. Res. 1996;36:1037–1045
  17. Ferrera VP, Nealey TA, Maunsell JH. Mixed parvocellular and magnocellular geniculate signals in visual area V4. Nature. 1992;358:756–761
  18. First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Benjamin LS. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997;
  19. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Non-patient Edition (SCID-I/NP Version 2.0). New York: Biometrics Research Department; 1998;
  20. Freedman R, Adler LE, Leonard S. Alternative phenotypes for the complex genetics of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1999;45:551–558
  21. Green M, Walker E. Symptom correlates of vulnerability to backward masking in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1986;143:181–186
  22. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Mintz J. Backward masking in schizophrenia and mania: II. Specifying the visual channels. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51:945–951
  23. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Breitmeyer B. Backward masking performance in unaffected siblings of schizophrenic patients. Evidence for a vulnerability indicator [published erratum appears in Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1997 Sep; 54(9):846]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1997;54:465–472
  24. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Breitmeyer B, Mintz J. Backward masking in unmedicated schizophrenic patients in psychotic remission: possible reflection of aberrant cortical oscillation. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1367–1373
  25. Hollingshead AB. Two Factor Index of Social Position. New Haven: Yale Station; 1965;
  26. Javitt DC, Shelley A, Ritter W. Associated deficits in mismatch negativity generation and tone matching in schizophrenia. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2000;111:1733–1737
  27. Javitt DC, Shelley AM, Silipo G, Lieberman JA. Deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in schizophrenia: defining the pattern. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2000;57:1131–1137
  28. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Walsh D. Evaluating the spectrum concept of schizophrenia in the Roscommon Family Study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1995;152:749–754
  29. Keri S, Kelemen O, Benedek G, Janka Z. Different trait markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a neurocognitive approach. Psychol. Med. 2001;31:915–922
  30. Kruger J. Stimulus dependent colour specificity of monkey lateral geniculate neurones. Exp. Brain Res. 1977;30:297–311
  31. Lieb K, Denz E, Hess R, Schuttler R, Kornhuber HH, Schreiber H. Preattentive information processing as measured by backward masking and texton detection tasks in adolescents at high genetic risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1996;21:171–182
  32. Livingstone MS, Hubel DH. Anatomy and physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 1984;4:309–356
  33. Livingstone MS, Hubel DH. Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth. J. Neurosci. 1987;7:3416–3468
  34. Newsome WT, Pare EB. A selective impairment of motion perception following lesions of the middle temporal visual area (MT). J. Neurosci. 1988;8:2201–2211
  35. O'Donnell BF, Swearer JM, Smith LT, Nestor PG, Shenton ME, McCarley RW. Selective deficits in visual perception and recognition in schizophrenia [see comments]. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;153:687–692
  36. Purushothaman G, Ogmen H, Bedell HE. Gamma-range oscillations in backward-masking functions and their putative neural correlates. Psychol. Rev. 2000;107:556–577
  37. Rund BR. Backward-masking performance in chronic and nonchronic schizophrenics, affectively disturbed patients, and normal control subjects. J. Abnorm. Psychology. 1993;102:74–81
  38. Saccuzzo DP, Braff DL. Information-processing abnormalities: trait- and state-dependent components. Schizophr. Bull. 1986;12:447–459
  39. Schiller PH, Logothetis NK, Charles ER. Functions of the colour-opponent and broad-band channels of the visual system. Nature. 1990;343:68–70
  40. Schwartz BD, Winstead DK, Adinoff B. Temporal integration deficit in visual information processing by chronic schizophrenics. Biol. Psychiatry. 1983;18:1311–1320
  41. Schwartz BD, Satter E, O'Neill PT, Winstead DK. Bilateral hemispheric processing deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1990;3:147–154
  42. Schwartz BD, Tomlin HR, Evans WJ, Ross KV. Neurophysiologic mechanisms of attention: a selective review of early information processing in schizophrenics. Front Biosci. 2001;6:D120–D134
  43. Stuve TA, Friedman L, Jesberger JA, Gilmore GC, Strauss ME, Meltzer HY. The relationship between smooth pursuit performance, motion perception and sustained visual attention in patients with schizophrenia and normal controls. Psychol. Med. 1997;27:143–152
  44. Suslow T, Arolt V. Backward masking in schizophrenia: time course of visual processing deficits during task performance. Schizophr. Res. 1998;33:79–86
  45. Tost H, Wolf IG, Ruf M, Henn FA, Braus DF. Disturbed visual information process in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients: a fMRI study. Schizophr. Res. 2001;49:187
  46. Wechsler D. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 1999;
  47. Weinberger DR. Schizophrenia: new phenes and new genes [editorial]. Biol. Psychiatry. 1999;46:3–7
  48. Weisstein N, Brannan JR. A low spatial frequency, red sine wave grating will float in front of gratings with the same or similar spatial frequency but other chromaticities: M and P interactions in figure-ground perception. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1991;32:1274
  49. Wiesel TN, Hubel DH. Spatial and chromatic interactions in the lateral geniculate nucleus body of the rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 1966;29:1115–1156
  50. Williams MC, Breitmeyer BG, Lovegrove WJ, Gutierrez C. Metacontrast with masks varying in spatial frequency and wavelength. Vis. Res. 1991;31:2017–2023
  51. Wurtz RH, Yamasaki DS, Duffy CJ, Roy JP. Functional specialization for visual motion processing in primate cerebral cortex. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1990;55:717–727
  52. Zihl J, von Cramon D, Mai N. Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage. Brain. 1983;106:313–340

PII: S0920-9964(02)00356-0

doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00356-0

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 63, Issue 3 , Pages 273-284 , 1 October 2003

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution