Schizophrenia Research
Volume 63, Issue 3 , Pages 237-246 , 1 October 2003

Scaling and clustering in the study of semantic disruptions in patients with schizophrenia: a re-evaluation

  • Brita Elvevåg

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding authors. Tel.: +1-301-435-2393; fax: +1-301-480-7795
    • Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health/National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 4S235, MSC 1379, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    • ,
  • Gert Storms

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding authors. Tel.: +1-301-435-2393; fax: +1-301-480-7795
    • Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Received 30 December 2001 ,Accepted 30 April 2002.

References 

  1. Aloia MS, Gourovitch ML, Weinberger DR, Goldberg TE. An investigation of semantic space in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 1996;2:267–273
  2. Aloia MS, Gourovitch ML, Missar D, Pickar D, Weinberger DR, Goldberg TE. Cognitive substrates of thought disorder: II. Specifying a candidate cognitive mechanism. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155:1677–1684
  3. Andreasen NC. Thought, language, and communication disorders: I. Clinical assessment, definition of terms, and assessment of their reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1979;36:1315–1321
  4. Andreasen NC. Scale for the assessment of thought, language, and communication (TLC). Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1986;12:473–482
  5. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenia. New York: International Universities Press; 1911/1950;
  6. Carroll JD, Chang J. Analysis of individual differences in multidimensional scaling via an n-way generalization of “Eckart–Young” decomposition. Psychometrika. 1970;35:283–319
  7. Chan AS, Butters N, Paulsen JS, Salmon DP, Swenson MR, Maloney LT. An assessment of the semantic network in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1993;5:254–261
  8. Chan AS, Butters N, Salmon DP, McGuire KA. Dimensionality and clustering in the semantic network of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychology and Aging. 1993;8:411–419
  9. Chen EYH, Wilkins AJ, McKenna PJ. Semantic memory is both impaired and anomalous in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine. 1994;24:193–202
  10. Clare L, McKenna PJ, Mortimer AM, Baddeley AD. Memory in schizophrenia: what is impaired and what is preserved?. Neuropsychologia. 1993;31:1225–1241
  11. Corter JE. Addtree/P: a Pascal program for fitting additive tree based on Sattath and Tversky's ADDTREE algorithm. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation. 1982;14:353–354
  12. Cutting J, Murphy D. Schizophrenic thought disorder: a psychological and organic interpretation. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1988;152:310–319
  13. De Soete G. A least squares algorithm for fitting additive trees to proximity data. Psychometrika. 1983;48:621–626
  14. De Soete G, DeSarbo WS, Furnas GW, Carroll JD. The estimation of ultrametric and path length trees from rectangular proximity data. Psychometrika. 1984;49:289–310
  15. Elvevåg B, Goldberg TE. Formal thought disorder and semantic memory in schizophrenia. CNS Spectrums. 1997;2(8):15–25
  16. Elvevåg B, Goldberg TE. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is the core of the disorder. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology. 2000;14:1–21
  17. Elvevåg B, Fisher JE, Gurd JM, Goldberg TE. Semantic clustering in verbal fluency: schizophrenic patients versus control participants. Psychological Medicine. 2002; in press
  18. Goldberg TE, Gold JM. Neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. In:  Hirsch SR,  Weinberger DR editor. Schizophrenia. London: Blackwell; 1995;p. 146–162
  19. Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Thought disorder in schizophrenia: a reappraisal of older formulations and an overview of some recent studies. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 2000;5:1–19
  20. Goldberg TE, Aloia MS, Gourovitch ML, Missar D, Pickar D, Weinberger DR. Cognitive substrates of thought disorder: I. The semantic system. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155:1671–1676
  21. Henley NM. A psychological study of the semantics of animal terms. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1969;8:176–184
  22. Joyce EM, Collinson SL, Chrichton P. Verbal fluency in schizophrenia: relationship with executive function, semantic memory and clinical alogia. Psychological Medicine. 1996;26:39–49
  23. Klahr D. A Monte Carlo investigation of the statistical significance of Kruskal's nonmetric scaling procedure. Psychometrika. 1969;34:319–330
  24. Kruskal JB. Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika. 1964;29:1–27
  25. Kruskal JB, Wish M. Multidimensional Scaling. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage; 1978;
  26. Laws KR, McKenna PJ, Kondel TK. On the distinction between access and store disorders in schizophrenia: a question of severity?. Neuropsychologia. 1998;36:313–321
  27. Manschreck TC, Maher BA, Milavetz JJ, Ames D, Weisstein CC, Schneyer ML. Semantic priming in thought disordered schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research. 1988;1:61–66
  28. Markman AB. Knowledge Representation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1999;
  29. McKenna PJ, Mortimer AM, Hodges JR. Semantic memory and schizophrenia. In:  David AS,  Cutting JC editor. The Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1994;p. 163–178
  30. Moelter ST, Hill SK, Ragland JD, Lunardelli A, Gur RC, Gur RE, et al. Controlled and automatic processing during animal word list generation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology. 2001;15:502–509
  31. Ober BA, Vinogradov S, Shenaut GK. Semantic priming of category relations in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology. 1995;9:220–228
  32. Paulsen JS, Romero R, Chan A, Davis AV, Heaton RK, Jeste DV. Impairment of the semantic network in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 1996;63:109–121
  33. Rips LJ, Shoben EJ, Smith EE. Semantic distance and the verification of semantic relations. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1973;12:1–20
  34. Rossell SL, Rabe-Hesketh S, Shapleske J, David AS. Is semantic fluency differentially impaired in schizophrenic patients with delusions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 1999;21:629–642
  35. Sattath S, Tversky A. Additive similarity trees. Psychometrika. 1977;42:319–345
  36. Shepard RN. Multidimensional scaling, tree-fitting, and clustering. Science. 1980;210:390–398
  37. Spitzer M. A cognitive neuroscience view of schizophrenic thought disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1997;23:29–50
  38. Spitzer M, Braun U, Hermle L, Maier S. Associative semantic network dysfunction in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients: direct evidence from indirect semantic priming. Biological Psychiatry. 1993;34:864–877
  39. Sumiyoshi C, Matsui M, Sumiyoshi T, Yamashita I, Sumiyoshi S, Kurachi M. Semantic structure in schizophrenia as assessed by the category fluency test: effect of verbal intelligence and age of onset. Psychiatry Research. 2001;105:187–199
  40. Tallent KA, Weinberger DR, Goldberg TE. Associating semantic space abnormalities with formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: use of triadic comparisons. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2001;23:285–296
  41. Tamlyn D, McKenna PJ, Mortimer AM, Lund CE, Hammond S, Baddeley AD. Memory impairment in schizophrenia: its extent, affiliations, and neuropsychological character. Psychological Medicine. 1992;22:101–115
  42. Tversky A. Features of similarity. Psychological Review. 1977;84:327–352
  43. Weickert TW, Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Bigelow LB, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. Cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia displaying preserved and compromised intellect. Archives in General Psychiatry. 2000;57:907–913

PII: S0920-9964(02)00331-6

doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00331-6

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 63, Issue 3 , Pages 237-246 , 1 October 2003

Article Tools