Schizophrenia Research
Volume 53, Issue 3 , Pages 209-218 , 15 January 2002

Spatial working memory performance in patients with schizoaffective psychosis versus schizophrenia: a tale of two disorders?

Received 12 January 2001 ,Revised 12 April 2001 ,Accepted 16 April 2001.

References 

  1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  2. Andreasen NC. Schizophrenia: The fundamental questions. Brain Research Reviews. 2000;31:106–112
  3. Bartko JJ, Carpenter WT. On the methods and theory of reliability. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1976;163:307–317
  4. Battig WF, Montague WE. Category norms of verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1969;80(3):1–46
  5. Beatty WW, Jocic Z, Monson N, Staton RD. Memory and frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1993;181:448–453
  6. Berghoefer A, Kossman B, Mueller-Oerlinghausen B. Course of illness and pattern of recurrences in patients with affective disorders during long-term lithium prophylaxis: A retrospective analysis over 15 years. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996;93:349–354
  7. Berrettini WH. Are schizophrenic and bipolar disorders related? A review of family and molecular studies. Biological Psychiatry. 2000;48:531–538
  8. Bornstein RA, Nasrallah HA, Olson SC, Coffman JA, Torello M, Schwarzkopf SB. Neuropsychological deficit in schizophrenic subtypes: Paranoid, nonparanoid, and schizoaffective subgroups. Psychiatry Research. 1990;31:15–24
  9. Callicott JH, Bertolino A, Mattay VS, Langheim FJP, Duyn J, Coppola R, et al. Physiological dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia revisited. Cerebral Cortex. 2000;10:1078–1092
  10. Carter CS, Robertson LC, Nordahl T, Chadderjian M, Kraft L, O'Shora-Celaya L. Spatial working memory deficits and their relationship to negative symptoms in unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Biological Psychiatry. 1996;40:930–932
  11. Chopra MP, Sharma PSVN, Jain S. A reappraisal of schizoaffective disorders. NIMHANS Journal. 1997;15:203–207
  12. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin. 1992;112:155–159
  13. Cohen JD, MacWhinney B, Flatt MR, Provost J. PsyScope: A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers. 1993;25(2):257–271
  14. Evans JD, Heaton RK, Paulsen JS, McAdams LA, Heaton SC, Jeste DV. Schizoaffective disorder: A form of schizophrenia or affective disorder?. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999;60:874–882
  15. Fennig S, Craig TJ, Tanenberg-Karant M, Bromet EJ. Comparison of facility and research diagnoses in first-admission psychotic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994;151:1423–1429
  16. Fleming K, Goldberg TE, Binks S, Randolph C, Gold JM, Weinberger DR. Visuospatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1997;41:43–49
  17. Glahn DC, Cannon TD, Gur RE, Ragland JD, Gur RC. Working memory constrains abstraction in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1999;47:34–42
  18. Gold JM, Carpenter C, Randolph C, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997;54:159–165
  19. Goldberg E, Seidman LJ. Higher cortical functions in normals and in schizophrenia: a selective review. In:  Steinhauer SR,  Gruzelier JH,  Zubin J editor. Handbook of Schizophrenia, vol. 5. Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology, and Information Processing. New York: Elsevier; 1991;p. 553–597
  20. Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Greenberg R, Griffin S, Schulz SC, Pickar D, et al. Contrasts between patients with affective disorders and patients with schizophrenia on a neuropsychological test battery. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993;150:1355–1362
  21. Goldman-Rakic PS. Circuitry of the prefrontal cortex and the regulation of behavior by representational knowledge. In:  Plum F,  Mountcastle V editor. Handbook of Physiology. vol. 5:Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1987;p. 373–417
  22. Goldman-Rakic PS. Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: The relevance of working memory. In:  Carroll B editors. Psychopathology and the brain. New York: Raven Press; 1991;p. 1–23
  23. Goldman-Rakic PS. Working memory in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry. 1994;6(4):348–357
  24. Gooding DC, Tallent KA. The association between antisaccade task and working memory task performance in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001;189:8–16
  25. Harris ME. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Scoring Program (Version 2.0). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1988;
  26. Harrow M, Grossman LS, Herbener ES, Davies EW. Ten-year outcome: patients with schizoaffective disorders, schizophrenia, affective disorders and mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;177:421–426
  27. Heaton RK, Chelune GJ, Talley JL, Kay G, Curtiss G. (Rev. ed.) Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1993;
  28. Kaelviaeinen R, Aeikiae M, Riekkinen J. Cognitive adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs: Incidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs. 1996;5:358–368
  29. Kasanin J. The acute schizoaffective psychoses. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1933;13:97–123
  30. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1987;13:261–276
  31. Keefe RSE, Lees-Roitman SE, Dupre RL. Performance of patients with schizophrenia on a pen and paper visuospatial working memory task with short delay. Schizophrenia Research. 1997;26:9–14
  32. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Walsh D. Evaluating the spectrum concept of schizophrenia in the Roscommon Family Study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995;152:749–754
  33. Kraepelin E. (R.M. Barclay, Trans.) Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Huntington, NY: Krieger; 1971;(Original work published 1919)
  34. Levinson DF, Levitt MEM. Schizoaffective mania reconsidered. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1987;144:415–425
  35. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1983;
  36. Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, Hallmayer J, Heun R, Benkert O, et al. Continuity and discontinuity of affective disorders and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1993;50:871–883
  37. Maj M. Critique of the DSM-IV operational diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;172:458–460
  38. Maj M, Pirozzi R, Formicola AM, Bartoli L, Bucci P. Reliability and validity of the DSM-IV diagnostic category of schizoaffective disorder: Preliminary data. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000;57:95–98
  39. Martin RC, Kuzniecky R, Ho S, Hetherington H, Pan J, Sinclair K, et al. Cognitive effects of topiramate, gabapentin, and lamotrigine in healthy young adults. Neurology. 1999;52:321–327
  40. Miller LS, Swanson-Green T, Moses JA, Faustman WO. Comparison of cognitive performance in RDC-diagnosed schizoaffective and schizophrenic patients with the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1996;30:277–282
  41. Morice R. Cognitive inflexibility and pre-frontal dysfunction in schizophrenia and mania. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1990;157:50–54
  42. Park S. Association of an oculomotor delayed response task and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in schizophrenic patients. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 1997;27:147–151
  43. Park S, Holzman PS. Schizophrenics show working memory deficits. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992;49:975–982
  44. Shipley WC. Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 1983;
  45. Siegel S. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1956;
  46. Silverstein ML, McDonald C, Meltzer HY. Differential patterns of neuropsychological deficit in psychiatric disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1988;44:412–415
  47. Spindler KA, Sullivan EV, Menon V, Lim KO, Pfefferbaum A. Deficits in multiple systems of working memory in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 1997;27:1–10
  48. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E. Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders. 3rd ed. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research; 1978;
  49. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E. Research diagnostic criteria. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1978;35:773–782
  50. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; Patient Version (SCID-P). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1996;
  51. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; Non-Patient Version (SCID-NP). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1996;
  52. Squire LR, Judd LL, Janowsky DS, Huey LY. Effects of lithium carbonate on memory and other cognitive functions. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1980;137:1042–1046
  53. Strakowski SM, Keck PE, Sax K, McElroy S, Hawkins JM. Twelve-month outcome of patients with DSM-III-R schizoffective disorder: Comparisons to matched patients with bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research. 1999;35:167–174
  54. Tam W-CC, Sewell KW, Deng H-C. Information processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A discriminant analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998;186:597–603
  55. Tamura H. A conceptual history of schizoaffective psychosis. International Medical Journal. 1998;4:217–227
  56. Verdoux H, Liraud F. Neuropsychological function in subjects with psychotic and affective disorders. Relationship to diagnostic category and duration of illness. European Psychiatry. 2000;15:236–243
  57. Weinberger DR, Aloia MS, Goldberg TE, Berman KF. The frontal lobes and schizophrenia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1994;6:419–427
  58. Zachary RA. Shipley Institute of Living Scale: Revised Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 1986;
  59. Zachary RA, Crumpton E, Spiegel DE. Estimating WAIS-R IQ from the Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1985;41:532–540

PII: S0920-9964(01)00258-4

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 53, Issue 3 , Pages 209-218 , 15 January 2002