Schizophrenia Research
Volume 53, Issue 3 , Pages 249-261 , 15 January 2002

Negative symptom resolution and improvements in specific cognitive deficits after acute treatment in first-episode schizophrenia

Received 9 November 2000 ,Revised 6 February 2001 ,Accepted 14 February 2001.

References 

  1. Addington J, Addington D, Maticka-Tyndale E. Cognitive functioning and positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1991;5:123–134
  2. Albus M, Hubmann W, Ehrenberg C, Forcht U, Mohr F, Sobizack N, et al. Neuropsychological impairment in first-episode and chronic schizophrenic patients. Eur. Arch. Psych. Clin. Neurosci. 1996;246:249–255
  3. Andreasen NC. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS): conceptual and theoretical foundations. Br. J. Psychiatry-Supplement. 1989;49–58
  4. Andreasen NC. Methods for assessing positive and negative symptoms. Mod. Probl. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1990;24:73–88
  5. Basso MR, Nasrallah HA, Olson SC, Bornstein RA. Neuropsychological correlates of negative, disorganized and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1998;31:99–111
  6. Benton AL. Visual perception of line direction in patients with unilateral brain disease. Neurology. 1975;25:907–910
  7. Benton, A.L., Hamsher, K., 1983. Multilingual Aphasia Examination, Iowa City: AJA Associates.
  8. Bilder RM, Goldman RS, Robinson D, Reiter G, Bell L, Bates JA, et al. Neuropsychology of first-episode schizophrenia: initial characterization and clinical correlates. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2000;157:549–559
  9. Bilder RM. Neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia and how it affects treatment options. Can. J. Psychiatry. 1997;42:255–264
  10. Bilder RM, Szeszko PR. Structural neuroimaging and neuropsychological impairments. In:  Pantelis C,  Nelson HE,  Barnes TRE editor. The Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1996;p. 279–298
  11. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. J. Zinkin (trans.) International Universities Press, New York. 1911;1950
  12. Carpenter WT, Strauss JS. The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia IV: Eleven-year follow-up of the Washington IPSS Cohort. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1991;179:517–525
  13. Censits DM, Ragland JD, Gur RC, Gur RE. Neuropsychological evidence supporting a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Schizophr. Res. 1997;24:289–298
  14. Davis JM, Casper R. Antipsychotic drug: Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs. 1977;14:260–282
  15. Delis, D.C., Krarner, J.H., Kaplan, E., Ober, B.A., 1983. California Verbal Learning Test, Research Edition. The Psychological Corporation; Cleveland, OH.
  16. Fenton WS, McGlashan TH. Antecedents, symptom progression, and long-term outcome of the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1994;151:351–356
  17. Gallhofer B, Lis S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Krieger S. Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: a new set of tools for the assessment of cognition and drug effects. Acta Psych. Scand., Suppl. 1999;395:118–128
  18. Gold S, Arndt S, Nopoulos P, O'Leary DS, Andreasen NC. Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1342–1348
  19. Green MF, Marshall BDJ, Wirshing WC, Ames D, Marder SR, McGurk S, et al. Does risperidone improve verbal working memory in treatment-resistant schizophrenia? Am. J. Psychiatry. 1997;154:799–804
  20. Grube BS, Bilder RM, Goldman RS. Meta-analysis of symptom factors in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1998;31:113–120
  21. Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Wieneke M, Horon R, Kushner M, DeLisi LE. Longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1336–1341
  22. Hoff AL, Riordan H, O'Donnell DW, Morris L, DeLisi LE. Neuropsychological functioning of first-episode schizophreniform patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1992;149:898–903
  23. Hollingshead, A.B., 1975. Four-Factor Index of Social Status. Yale University, Department of Sociology, New Haven, CT.
  24. Kasper S. First-episode schizophrenia: the importance of early intervention and subjective tolerability. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 60 Suppl. 1999;23:5–9
  25. Keck PE, Cohen BM, Baldessarini RJ, McElroy SL. Time course of antipsychotic effects of neuroleptic drugs. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1989;146:1289–1292
  26. Keefe RS, Silva SG, Perkins DO, Lieberman JA. The effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. Schizophr. Bull. 1999;25:201–222
  27. Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. R.M. Barclay and G.M. Robertson (trans.). R.E. Krieger Publishing Co. Inc., New York. 1919;1971
  28. Meltzer HY, McGurk SR. The effects of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1999;25:233–255
  29. Merlo MC, Kleinlogel H, Koukkou M. Differences in the EEG profiles of early and late responders to antipsychotic treatment in first-episode, drug-naive psychotic patients. Schizophr. Res. 1998;30:221–228
  30. Reitan RM, Wolfson D. The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery, Theory and Clinical Interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychological Press; 1985;
  31. Riley EM, McGovern D, Mockler D, Doku VCK, Oceallaigh S, Fannon DG, et al. Neuropsychological functioning in first-episode psychosis - evidence of specific deficits. Schizophr. Res. 2000;43:47–55
  32. Rund BR, Borg NE. Cognitive deficits and cognitive training in schizophrenic patients: a review. Acta Psych. Scand. 1999;100:85–95
  33. Saykin AJ, Shtasel DL, Gur RE, Kester DB, Mozley LH, Stafiniak P, et al. Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51:124–131
  34. Shenton ME, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Pollak SD, LeMay M, Wible CG, et al. Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992;327:604–612
  35. Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., Gibbon M., 1994. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Patient Version (SCID-P), New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY.
  36. Sweeney JA, Haas GL, Keilp JG, Long M. Evaluation of the stability of neuropsychological functioning after acute episodes of schizophrenia: one-year follow-up study. Psych. Res. 1991;38:63–76
  37. Wechsler, D., 1981. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised (WAIS-R), Manual, The Psychological Corporation; Cleveland, OH.
  38. Wechsler, D., 1987. Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised., Psychological Corporation, New York.

PII: S0920-9964(01)00195-5

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 53, Issue 3 , Pages 249-261 , 15 January 2002

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution