Schizophrenia Research
Volume 52, Issue 3 , Pages 203-213 , 1 December 2001

Stability of exploratory eye movements as a marker of schizophrenia — a WHO multi-center study

  • T. Kojima

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Oyaguchi Kamimachi 30-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +83-339-728-111, ext. 2430; fax: +81-339-742-920
  • ,
  • E. Matsushima

      Affiliations

    • Section of Liaison Psychiatry and Palliative Medicine, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 5-45 Yushima 1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
  • ,
  • K. Ohta

      Affiliations

    • Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 5-45 Yushima 1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
  • ,
  • M. Toru

      Affiliations

    • Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 5-45 Yushima 1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
  • ,
  • Yong-Hua Han

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Mental Health, Beijing Medical University, No. 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
  • ,
  • Yu-Cun Shen

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Mental Health, Beijing Medical University, No. 51 Huayuan Bei Road, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
  • ,
  • D. Moussaoui

      Affiliations

    • University Psychiatric Center, Ibn Ruchd, Casablanca, Morocco
  • ,
  • I. David

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatricke Centrum Praha, Ustavni 91, 181 03 Praha 8, Czech Republic
  • ,
  • K. Sato

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 14, West 5, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
  • ,
  • I. Yamashita

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 14, West 5, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
  • ,
  • N. Kathmann

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatrische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universitat Munchen, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
  • ,
  • H. Hippius

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatrische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universitat Munchen, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
  • ,
  • J.X. Thavundayil

      Affiliations

    • Douglas Hospital Research Center, 6875 La Salle Boulevard, Verdun, Canada H4H IR3
  • ,
  • S. Lal

      Affiliations

    • Douglas Hospital Research Center, 6875 La Salle Boulevard, Verdun, Canada H4H IR3
  • ,
  • N.P. Vasavan Nair

      Affiliations

    • Douglas Hospital Research Center, 6875 La Salle Boulevard, Verdun, Canada H4H IR3
  • ,
  • S.G. Potkin

      Affiliations

    • University of California, Irvine, Brain Imaging Center, Room 163 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3960, USA
  • ,
  • L. Prilipko

      Affiliations

    • Division of Mental Health and Prevention of Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland

Received 15 March 2000 ,Accepted 1 November 2000.

References 

  1. Ali IM. Long-term treatment with antidepressants in primary care. Psychiatr. Bull. 1998;22:15–19
  2. American Psychiatric Association, 1987. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (revised). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
  3. Baldessarini RJ, Frankenburg FR. Clozapine. A novel antipsychotic agent. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991;324:746–754
  4. Davis JM. Comparative doses and costs of antipsychotic medication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1976;33:858–861
  5. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62
  6. Holzman PS, Proctor LR, Levy DL, Yasollo NJ, Meltzer HY, Hurt SW. Eye-tracking dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1974;31:143–151
  7. Holzman PS, Kringlen E, Mattysse S, Flanagan SD, Lipton RB, Cramer G, et al. A single dominant gene can account for eye tracking dysfunctions and schizophrenia in offspring of discordant twins. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1988;45:641–647
  8. Kay SR, Fizbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1987;13:261–276
  9. Kojima T, Matsushima E, Moriya H, Ando K, Takahashi R, Shimazono Y. Visual perception process in amphetamine psychotics and schizophrenics. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 1986;22:768–777
  10. Kojima T, Potkin SG, Kharazmi H, Matsushima E, Herrera J, Shimazono Y. Limited eye movements in chronic schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28:307–314
  11. Kojima T, Matsushima E, Nakajima K, Shiraishi H, Ando K, Ando H, et al. Eye movements in acute, chronic and remitted schizophrenics. Biol. Psychiatry. 1990;27:975–989
  12. Kojima T, Matsushima E, Ando K, Ando H. Exploratory eye movements and neuropsychological tests in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Bull. 1992;18:85–94
  13. Kojima T, Matsushima E, Ohbayashi S, Takebayashi H, Ando H, Ando K, et al. WHO project on eye movements in patients with schizophrenia. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 1992;15(Suppl. 1A):489–490
  14. Matsushima E, Kojima T, Ohbayashi S, Ando H, Ando K, Shimazono Y. Exploratory eye movements in schizophrenic patients and patients with frontal lobe lesions. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1992;241:210–214
  15. Matsushima E, Kojima T, Ohta K, Obayashi S, Nakajima K, Kakuma T, et al. Exploratory eye movement dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia: possibility as a discriminator for schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1998;32:289–295
  16. Moriya H, Ando K, Toyota T, Shimazono Y. Visual perception process in schizophrenics and their relatives-analysis using eye mark recorder. Seishin Igaku (Clin. Psychiatry). 1977;19:387–397(in Japanese)
  17. Moriya H. A study of eye movements in patients with chronic schizophrenia and in their relatives, using an eye mark recorder. Psychiatr. Neurol. Jpn. 1979;81:523–558(in Japanese)
  18. Noton D, Stark L. Scan paths in eye movements during pattern perception. Science. 1971;171:308–311
  19. Overal JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol. Rep. 1962;10:799–812
  20. Rümke HC. Die klinische Differenzierung innerhalb der Gruppe der Schizophrenien. Nervenarzt. 1958;29:49–53
  21. Rutschmann J, Cornblatt B, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. Sustained attention in children at risk for schizophrenia: report on a continuous performance test. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1977;34:571–575
  22. Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B.W., Gibbon, N., 1989. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research, New York
  23. Tatetsu S. Schizophrenia from my point of view. Jpn. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1981;10:1309–1321(in Japanese)
  24. Toyota T. A study on eye movements in endogenous depression using an eye mark recorder. Psychiatr. Neurol. Jpn. 1978;80:617–645(in Japanese)
  25. Xia ML, Takahashi S, Tanabe E, Matsuura M, Kojima T, Matsushima E. Eye movement studies on schizophrenics and their parents. Eur. Neuropsychopharm. 1996;6(Suppl. 3):64

PII: S0920-9964(00)00181-X

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 52, Issue 3 , Pages 203-213 , 1 December 2001