Schizophrenia Research
Volume 47, Issue 1 , Pages 87-97 , 15 January 2001

A quantitative MR measure of the fornix in schizophrenia

  • Janos Zahajszky

      Affiliations

    • Mount Sinai Medical School, New York, NY, 10029USA
  • ,
  • Chandlee C. Dickey

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Neuroscience Division, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, VAMC, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, USA
  • ,
  • Robert W. McCarley

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Neuroscience Division, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, VAMC, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1-508-583-4500 ext. 2479; fax: +1-508-586-0894
  • ,
  • Iris A. Fischer

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Neuroscience Division, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, VAMC, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, USA
  • ,
  • Paul Nestor

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Neuroscience Division, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, VAMC, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, USA
  • ,
  • Ron Kikinis

      Affiliations

    • Surgical Planning Laboratory, MRI Division, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
  • ,
  • Martha E. Shenton

      Affiliations

    • Clinical Neuroscience Division, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, VAMC, 940 Belmont Street, Brockton, MA 02301, USA
    • Surgical Planning Laboratory, MRI Division, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author

Received 12 December 1999 ,Accepted 13 March 2000.

References 

  1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. third ed., revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1987;
  2. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa College of Medicine Department of Psychiatry; 1981;
  3. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa College of Medicine Department of Psychiatry; 1984;
  4. Andreasen NC, Ehrhardt JC, Swayze VW, Alliger RJ, Yuh WT, Cohen G, et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in schizophrenia: The pathophysiologic significance of structural abnormalities. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1990;47:35–44
  5. Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Swayze V, Cizadlo T, Flaum M, O'Leary D, et al.  Thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia visualized through magnetic resonance image averaging. Science. 1994;266:294–298
  6. Andreasen NC. Linking mind and brain in the study of mental illnesses: a project for a scientific psychopathology. Science. 1997;275:1586–1593
  7. Barta PE, Pearlson GD, Powers RE, Richards SS, Tune LE. Auditory hallucinations and smaller superior temporal gyral volume in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1990;147:1457–1462
  8. Bogerts B, Meetz E, Schonfeld-Bausch R. Basal ganglia and limbic system pathology in schizophrenia: A morphometric study of brain volume and shrinkage. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1985;42:784–791
  9. Bogerts B, Ashtari M, Degreef G, Alvir JMJ, Bilder RM, Lieberman JA. Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging. 1990;35:1–13
  10. Bogerts B, Lieberman JA, Ashtari M, Bilder RM, Degreef G, Lerner G, et al.  Hippocampus–amygdala volumes and psychopathology in chronic schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1993;33:236–246
  11. Buchanan RW, Breier A, Kirkpatrick B, Elkashef A, Munson RC, Gellad F. Structural abnormalities in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1993;150:59–65
  12. Buchsbaum M. PET and MRI of the thalamus in never-medicated patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1996;152:191–199
  13. Calabrese P, Markowitsch HJ, Harders AG, Scholz M, Gehlen W. Fornix damage and memory — A case report. Cortex. 1995;31:555–564
  14. Carpenter MB. Core Text of Neuroanatomy. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1991;
  15. Chance SA, Highley JR, Esiri MM, Crow TJ. Fiber content of the fornix in schizophrenia: lack of evidence for a primary limbic encephalopathy. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1999;156:1720–1724
  16. Cline HE, Lorensen WR, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA. Three-dimensional segmentation of MR images of the head using probability and connectivity. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1990;14:1037–1045
  17. Corey-Bloom J, Jernigan T, Archibald S, Harris MJ, Jeste DV. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in late-life schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1995;152:447–449
  18. Dauphinais D, DeLisi LE, Crow TJ, Alexandropoulos K, Colter N, Tuma I, et al.  Reduction in temporal lobe size in siblings with schizophrenia: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging. 1990;35:137–147
  19. Dusek JA, Eichenbaum H. The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1997;94:7109–7114
  20. Egan MF, Duncan CC, Suddath RL, Kirch DG, Mirsky AF, Wyatt RJ. Event-related potential abnormalities correlate with structural brain alterations and clinical features in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1994;11:259–271
  21. Falkai P, Bogerts B, Rozumek M. Limbic pathology in schizophrenia: The entorhinal region — A morphometric study. Biol. Psychiatry. 1988;24:515–521
  22. Flaum M, Swayze VW, O'Leary DS, Yuh WT, Ehrhardt JC, Arndt SV, et al.  Effects of diagnosis and gender on brain morphology in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1995;152:704–714
  23. Gaffan D. Dissociated effects of perirhinal cortex ablation, fornix transection and amygdalectomy: Evidence for multiple memory systems in the primate temporal lobe. Exp. Brain Res. 1994;99:411–422
  24. Gale SD, Burr RB, Bigler ED, Blatter D. Fornix degeneration and memory in traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. Bull. 1993;32:345–349
  25. Hollinghead AB. Two-Factor index of social position,. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1965;
  26. Johnston MH, Holzman PS. Assessing Schizophrenic Thinking. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 1979;
  27. Johnstone EC, Owens DGC, Crow TJ, Frith C, Alexandropoulos K, Bydder G, et al.  Temporal lobe structure as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1989;52:736–741
  28. Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Gerig G, Sandor K, Cline HE, Lorensen WE, et al.  Morphometric and morphologic information derived from clinical MR images. In:  Hohne KH,  Fuchs H,  Pizer SM editor. 3D Imaging in Medicine. Berlin: Springer; 1990;p. 441–454F60
  29. McCarley RW, Wible CG, Frumin M, Hirayasu Y, Levitt JJ, Fischer IA, et al.  MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1999;45:1099–1119
  30. McMackin D, Cockburn J, Anslow P, Gaffan D. Correlation of fornix damage with memory impairment in six cases of colloid cyst removal. Acta Neurochir. (Wien). 1995;135:12–18
  31. Nestor PG, Shenton ME, McCarley RW, Haimson J, Smith RS, O'Donnell B, et al. Neuropsychological correlates of MRI temporal lobe abnormalities in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1993;150:1849–1855
  32. Parker A, Gaffan D. Mamillary body lesions in monkeys impair object-in-place memory: Functional unity of the fornix–mamillary system. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 1997;9:512–521
  33. Portas CM, Goldstein JM, Shenton ME, Hokama HH, Wible CG, Fischer I, et al.  Volumetric evaluation of the thalamus in schizophrenic male patients using magnetic resonance imaging. Biol. Psychiatry. 1998;43:649–659
  34. Rossi A, Stratta P, Mancini F, Gallucci M, Mattei P, Core L, et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging findings of amygdala–anterior hippocampus shrinkage in male patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1994;52:43–53
  35. Schlaepfer TE, Harris GJ, Tien AY, Peng LW, Lee S, Federman EB, et al.  Decreased regional cortical grey matter volume in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1994;151:842–848
  36. Shenton ME, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Pollak SD, LeMay M, Wible CG, et al.  Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992;327:604–612
  37. Shenton ME, Wible CG, McCarley RW. A review of magnetic resonance imaging studies of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. In:  Krishnan KRR,  Doraiswamy PM editor. Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997;p. 297–380
  38. Shenton ME, Frumin M, McCarley RW, Maier S, Westin CF, Fischer IA, et al.  MR morphometric findings in schizophrenia. In:  Dougherty D,  Rauch S,  Rosenbaum J editor. Psychiatric Neuroimaging Strategies: Research and Clinical Applications. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000;p. 297–380
  39. Spitzer RL, Endicott J. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. third ed.. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute — Biometrics Research; 1978;
  40. Squire LR. Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychol. Rev. 1992;99:195–231
  41. Squire LR, Zola-Morgan S. The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science. 1991;253:1380–1386
  42. Suddath RL, Christison GW, Torrey EF, Casanova MF, Weinberger DR. Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990;332:789–794
  43. Wechsler D. WAIS-R Manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Revised. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1981;
  44. Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale — Revised Manual. New York: Psychological Corporation; 1987;
  45. Weiner I, Feldon J, Tarrasch R, Hairston I, Joel D. Fimbria–fornix cut affects spontaneous activity, two-way avoidance and delayed non matching to sample, but not latent inhibition. Behav. Brain Res. 1998;96:59–70
  46. Wible CG, Shenton ME, Hokama H, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, Metcalf D, et al.  Prefrontal cortex: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1995;43:114–124
  47. Wible CG, Shenton ME, McCarley RW. Functional neuroanatomy of the limbic system and the planum temporale. In:  Krishnan KRR,  Doraiswamy PM editor. Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997;p. 64–102
  48. Woods BT, Yurgelun-Todd D, Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT. MRI brain abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia: One process or more?. Biol. Psychiatry. 1996;40:585–596
  49. Zipursky RB, Marsh L, Lim KO, DeMent S, Shear PK, Sullivan EV, et al.  Volumetric MRI assessment of temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1994;35:501–516

PII: S0920-9964(00)00051-7

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 47, Issue 1 , Pages 87-97 , 15 January 2001