Schizophrenia Research
Volume 47, Issue 1 , Pages 13-25 , 15 January 2001

Cytokine serum levels, autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction and surface marker analysis in never medicated and chronically medicated schizophrenic patients

  • St. Theodoropoulou

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatry Department, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45–47 Ypsilandou Str., Athens, Greece
  • ,
  • G. Spanakos

      Affiliations

    • Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy Center, St. Savas Anticancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Ave., Athens, Greece
  • ,
  • C.N. Baxevanis

      Affiliations

    • Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy Center, St. Savas Anticancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Ave., Athens, Greece
  • ,
  • M. Economou

      Affiliations

    • University Mental Health Research Institute, 72–74 Vas. Sophias Ave., 11528 Athens, Greece
  • ,
  • A.D. Gritzapis

      Affiliations

    • Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy Center, St. Savas Anticancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Ave., Athens, Greece
  • ,
  • M.P. Papamichail

      Affiliations

    • Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy Center, St. Savas Anticancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras Ave., Athens, Greece
  • ,
  • C.N. Stefanis

      Affiliations

    • University Mental Health Research Institute, 72–74 Vas. Sophias Ave., 11528 Athens, Greece
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +30-1-7218292, +30-1-7245469; fax: +30-1-7215429

Received 7 January 2000 ,Accepted 7 January 2000.

References 

  1. Achiron A, Noy S, Pras E, Lereya J, Hermesh H, Laor N. T-cell subsets in acute psychotic schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 1994;35:27–31
  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1987;
  3. Arnason BGW, Reder AT. Cell-mediated immunity and neurologic disease. In:  Mackhann GM,  McDonald WI editor. Diseases of the Nervous System. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 1991;
  4. Barak V, Barak Y, Levine J, Nisman B, Roisman I. Changes in interleukin-1 beta and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in CSF and serum of schizophrenic patients. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol,. 1995;6(1):61–69
  5. Baxevanis CN, Papamichail M. Characterisation of the anti-tumor immune response in human cancers and strategies for immunotherapy. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 1994;16:157–179
  6. Baxevanis CN, Reclos GJ, Sfagos C, Doufexis E, Papageorgiou C, Papamichail M. Multiple Sclerosis. I. Monocyte stimulatory defect in mixed lymphocyte reaction associated with clinical disease activity. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1987;67:362–371
  7. Baxevanis CN, Reclos GJ, Arsenis P, Anastasopulos E, Katsiyiannis A, Lymberi P, et al. Decreased expression of HLA-DR antigens on monocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 1989;22:177–183
  8. Baxevanis CN, Anastasopoulos E, Reclos GJ, Papamichail M. Prothymosin-α enchances HLA-DR antigen expression on monocytes from patients with multiple sclerocis. J. Neuroimmunol. 1990;27:141–147
  9. Baxevanis CN, Frillingos S, Seferiadis K, Reclos GJ, Arsenis P, Katsiyiannis A, et al. Enhancement of human T lymphocyte function by prothymosin α: increased production of interleukin-2 and expression of interleukin-2 receptors in normal peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Immunopharmacol. Immunoticol. 1990;12:595–618
  10. Baxevanis CN, Reclos GJ, Papamichail M. Prothymosin α restores the depressed allogenic cell-mediated lympholysis and natural killer cell activity in patients with cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 1993;54:264–268
  11. Chouaib S, Welte K, Dupont B. Differential effect of anti-β2-microglobulin on IL-2 production and IL-2 receptor expression in the primary mixed lymphocyte culture reaction. J. Immunol. 1985;134:940–947
  12. De Lisi LE, Wyatt RJ. Abnormal immune regulation in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 1982;18:158–163
  13. Del Prete G, Maggi E, Romagnani S. Biology of disease. Human Th1 and Th2 Cells: functional properties, mechanisms of regulation, and role in disease. Lab. Invest. 1994;70(3):299–306
  14. Durum SK, Schmidt JA, Oppenheim JJ. Interleukin-1: an immunological perspective. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1985;3:263–292
  15. El-Mallakh RS, Suddath RL, Wyatt RJ. Interleukin-1α and interleukin-2 in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic subjects. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 1993;17:383–391
  16. Feldmann M, Brennan FM, Chantry D, Haworth C, Turner M, Katsikis P, et al. Cytokine assays: role in evaluation of the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Immunol. Rev. 1991;119:106–145
  17. Ganguli R, Rabin BS, Kelly RH, Lyte M, Raghu U. Clinical and laboratory evidence of autoimmunity in acute schizophrenia. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1987;496:676–685
  18. Ganguli R, Rabin BS, Belle SH. Decreased interleukin-2 production in schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 1989;26:427–430
  19. Ganguli R, Brar JS, Solomon W, Chengappa KNR, Rabin BS. Altered interleukin-2 production in schizophrenia: association between clinical state and autoantibody production. Psychiatry Res. 1992;44:113–123
  20. Ganguli R, Brar JS, Chengappa KNR, Yang ZW, Nimgaonkar VL, Rabin BS. Autoimmunity in schizophrenia: a review of recent findings. Ann. Med. 1993;25:489–496
  21. Ganguli R, Brar JS, Chengappa KNR, DeLeo M, Yang ZW, Shurin G, et al. Mitogen-stimulated interleukin-2 production in never-medicated, first-episode schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1995;52:668–672
  22. Gattaz WF, Dalgalarrondo P, Schroender HC. Abnormalities in serum concentrations of interleukin-2, interferon-α and interferon-γ in schizophrenia not detected. Schizophr. Res. 1992;6:237–241
  23. Henneberg A, Riedl B, Dumke HO, Kornhuber HH. T-lymphocyte subpopulations in schizophrenic patients. Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Neurol. Sci. 1990;239:283–284
  24. Hirata-Hibi M, Arimozi S, Hayashi K, Seno S. Atypical lymphocytes in myasthenia Gravis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Jahresber Kurashiki Zental Hosp. 1979;48:21
  25. Hirata-Hibi M, Higashi S, Tachibana T, Watanabe N. Stimulated lymphocytes in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1982;39:82–87
  26. Hornberg M, Arolt V, Wilke I, Kruse A, Kirchner H. Production of interferons and lymphokines in leukocyte cultures of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1995;15:237–242
  27. Huang SW, Mclaren NK. Insulin dependent diabetes: a disease of autoaggression. Science. 1976;192:64–66
  28. Janeway CA, Goldstein P. Lymphocyte activation and effector functions. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1992;4:241–245
  29. Katila H, Appelberg B, Hurme M, Rimon R. Plasma levels of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in schizophrenia, other psychoses, and affective disorders. Schizophr. Res. 1994;12:29–34
  30. Kilidireas K, Latov N, Strauss DH, Gorig AD, Hashim GA, Gorman JM, et al. Antibodies to the human 60kDa heat-shock protein in patients with schizophrenia. Lancet. 1992;340:569–572
  31. Kroemer G, Andru JI, Gonzalo JA, Gutierrez RJ, Martinez C. Interleukin-2 autolerance and autoimmunity. Adv. Immunol. 1991;50:147–235
  32. Licinio J, Seibyl JP, Altemus M, Charney DS, Krystal JH. Elevated CSF levels of interleukin-2 in neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1993;150:1408–1410
  33. Maes M, Meltzer HY, Bosmans E. Immune-inflammatory markers in schizophrenia: comparison to normal controls and effects of clozapine. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1994;89:346–351
  34. Maimone D, Gregory S, Arnason BGW, Reder AT. Cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid serum of patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 1991;32:67–74
  35. McAllister CG, van Kammen DP, Rehn TJ, Miller AL, Gurklis J, Kelley ME, et al. Increases in CSF levels of interleukin-2 in schizophrenia: effects of recurrence of psychosis and medication status. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1995;152:1291–1297
  36. Monteleone P, Fabrazzo M, Tortorella A, Maj M. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in chronic schizophrenia: effects of clozapine treatment. Psychiatry Res. 1997;71:11–17
  37. Mueller N, Ackenheil M, Hofschuster E, Mempel W, Eckstein R. Cellular immunity in schizophrenic patients before and during neuroleptic treatment. Psychiatry Res. 1991;37:147–160
  38. Rapaport MH, McAllister CG, Pickar D, Nelson DL, Paul SM. Elevated levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1989;46:291–292
  39. Rapaport MH, McAllister CG, Kim YS, Han JH, Pichar D, Nelson DL, et al. Increased serum soluble interleukin-2 receptors in Caucasian and Korean schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 1994;35:767–771
  40. Rapaport MH, McAllister CG, Pickar D, Tamarkin L, Kirch DG, Paul SM. CSF IL-1 and IL-2 in medicated schizophrenic patients and normal volunteers. Schizophr. Res. 1997;25:123–129
  41. Roux-Lombard P, Modaux C, Cruchaud A, Dayer J-M. Purified blood monocytes from HIV-1 infected patients produce high levels of TNF-α and IL-1. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1989;50:374–384
  42. Sasaki T, Nanko S, Fukuda R, Kawate T, Kunugi H, Kasamatsur H. Changes of immunological functions after acute exacerbation in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 1994;35(3):173–178
  43. Theodoropoulou-Vaidaki St, Alexopoulos C, Stefanis CN. A study of immunological state of schizophrenic patients. In:  Stefanis CN,  Rabavilas AD editor. Schizophrenia. Recent Biosocial Developments. New York: Human Science Press; 1988;p. 69–85
  44. Theodoropoulou-Vaidaki St, Alexopoulos C, Stefanis CN. Immunological state of drug-free patients with schizophrenia. In:  Stefanis CN,  Soldatos CR,  Rabavilas AD editor. Psychiatry: A World Perspective. Neurosciences in Psychiatry. Biological Correlates of Mental Disorders. vol. 2:Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 1990;p. 187–193
  45. Theodoropoulou-Vaidaki St, Baxevanis CN, Arsenis P, Katsiyianis A, Spanakos G, Papadopoulos NG, et al. Immune dysfunction in schizophrenic patients. Proceedings of the 9th World Congress of Psychiatry, Rio de Janeiro. 1993;
  46. Tsokos GC, Balow JE. Cellular immune responses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prog. Allergy. 1984;34:93–125
  47. Villemain F, Chatenoud L, Galinowski A, Homo-Delarche F, Ginestet D, Loo H, et al. Aberrant T cell-mediated immunity in untreated schizophrenic patients: deficient interleukin-2 production. Am. J. Psychiatry. 1989;146:609–616
  48. Weinberger DR, Lipska BK. Cortical maldevelopment, antipsychotic drugs, and schizophrenia: a search for common ground. Schizophr. Res. 1995;16:87–110
  49. Xu HM, Wei J, Hemmings GP. Changes of plasma concentration of interleukin-1α and interleukin-6 with neuroleptic treatment for schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1994;164:251–253

PII: S0920-9964(00)00007-4

Schizophrenia Research
Volume 47, Issue 1 , Pages 13-25 , 15 January 2001